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This is a timeline of notable events in the Muslim presence in Iberia, which started with the Umayyad conquest in the 8th century.
[edit] Conquest (710–756)
- 710 - The Berber General Tariq ibn Ziyad takes Tangier. Several Muslim expeditions raid across the straits into Hispania Baetica (modern Andalusia), including a fairly large one led by a Berber called Tarif ibn Malluk. Civil war is raging between rival kings in Visigothic Hispania.
- 711 - A Muslim force of about 7,000 fighters (mainly Arabs and Berbers) under Tariq ibn Ziyad, loyal to the Umayyad Emir of Damascus, Al-Walid I, enter the Iberian peninsula from North Africa.
- 712 - The Muslim governor of Northern Africa, Musa ibn Nusayr, follows Tariq ibn Ziyad with an army of 18,000 Arabs. He takes Medina-Sidonia, Seville and Mértola.
- 713 - Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, Musa ibn Nusair's son, takes Jaén, Murcia, Granada, Sagunto.
- 714 - First Muslim campaigns in the lower Ebro valley and south East part of the Iberian Peninsula.
- 715 - By this year, virtually all of southern Iberia is in Muslim hands. Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa is left in charge and makes his capital the city of Seville, where he marries Egilona, widow of King Rodrigo, who encourages him to convert to Christianity. The Umayyad Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, orders Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa assassinated.
- 716 - Lisbon is captured by the Moors.
- 717 - Córdoba becomes the capital of Muslim Al-Andalus. During the wars between Christians and Muslims, Jewish courtiers are valued as diplomats, translators, and advisors to both sides.
- 718 - Pelayo, a Christian Asturian noble and possibly, but not certainly, comrade-in-arms of King Rodrigo at the Battle of Guadalete leads the fight against the Moors in the Asturian region and establishes the Kingdom of Asturias. The Muslims set out destroy the Asturian fighters and surround Pelayo and 300 of his men in the Asturian mountains. The Muslims attack ruthlessly, but Pelayo evades capture and continues organizing the Christian forces.
- 719 - Muslims attack Septimania in southern Francia and become established in the region later known as Languedoc.
- 720 - Moorish conquest of Barcelona and Narbonne.
- 721 - A mixed force of Aquitanians and Franks under Duke Odo of Aquitaine defeat a Muslim army under the governor general of Al-Andalus, al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, at the Battle of Toulouse. The Franks quickly surround and critically wound al-Samh ibn Malik and destroy most of his force of 375,000 Arabs in what will be recorded as one of the worst military defeats in Muslim history, albeit it is very unlikely that the claimed number of Arabs is true.
- 722 - King Pelayo defeats a large force sent by Emir Munuza to annihilate him at the Battle of Covadonga in Alcama. He then leads an alliance of Asturian and Cantabrian mountaineers and Spaniards in the counter-offensive against the Muslims beginning what will be called La Reconquista. Pelayo will go on to become the founder of a dynasty of Iberian monarchs who will over the centuries recapture all of the Iberian lands from the Muslims.
- 725 - Muslim raids reach Autun in Frankish France.
- 729 - Berbers rebel in Cerdanya, but despite being allied with Duke Odo of Aquitaine, the rebellion is suppressed.
- 732 - A Muslim army led by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi defeats an Aquitanian force under Duke Odo of Aquitaine on the Garonne near Bordeaux. The Moors then set about pillaging Aquitaine.
- 737 - Arabs take Avignon in the Rhône Valley.
- 739 - Berbers revolt in North Africa and Iberia.
- 740 - Berbers rebel against the ethnically exclusive Arab Umayyad Caliphate and refuse to support them with tax revenues.
- 741 - The 10,000 survivors of Kulthum's force arrive in Iberia under a new leader, Talaba ibn Salama; he and the Jordanians settle in Córdoba; the Homs contingent in Seville; the Damascus contingent in Elvira; Qinnasrin in Jaen, and Palestinians in Algeciras and Medina-Sidonia. Civil war erupts between the Syrians and the Iberian Muslims, the latter being supported by a contingent of African Muslims under Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib.
- 742 - Internal conflict in Al-Andalus continues for the next 4 years.
- 755 - Abd ar-Rahman I of the Umayyad dynasty flees to Iberia to escape the Abbasids.
- 756 - Abd ar-Rahman I defeats Yusuf al-Fihri outside Córdoba.
[edit] The Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba (756–929)
- 756 - Abd ar-Rahman I , Umayyad commander of the Muslims of Al-Andalus, proclaims himself Emir of Córdoba.
- 759 - The Moors lose the city of Narbonne (in France), their furthest and last conquest into Frankish territory. In capturing this city, King Pippin the Younger ends all Muslim rule north of Iberia.
- 763 - Abd ar-Rahman I suppresses an Abbasids inspired revolt.
- 764 - Abd ar-Rahman I takes Toledo from Hisham ibn Urwa.
- 766 - Said al-Matari rebels in Seville.
- 768-777 - A Berber reformer rebels in central Iberia and occupies Merida and other towns to the north of the Tagus. The rebellion is suppressed after nine years.
- 771 - Syrians under Abd al-Ghaffar rebel against Abd ar-Rahman I, but the latter defeats the Syrians on the river Bembezar in 774.
- 777 - Abd ar-Rahman I suppresses an Abbasid-inspired revolt.
- 778 - The Franks led by Charlemagne attack Zaragoza, but are forced to withdraw. Basques ambush Charlemagne's army as it crosses the Pyrenees out of Iberia. The Basques maul the Frankish rearguard, killing many of the commanders including the Breton Markgraf Hruotland (also called Roland), and loot the baggage train.
- 781-881 - 100-year intermittent insurrection against the Muslims erupt in Zaragoza from 781 to 881.
- 785 - Building of the Great Mosque of Córdoba begins on the grounds of a Visigothic church; it is completed in 976.
- 788- Death of Abd ar-Rahman I, founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba. His successor is Hisham I.
- 791 - Alfonso II becomes King of Kingdom of Asturias|Asturias in Oviedo and takes a number of Moorish strongholds and settles the lands south of the Douro River.
- 792 - Hisham I, Emir of Córdoba, calls for a Jihad against the infidels in Al-Andalus and France. Tens of thousands from as far away as Syria heed his call and cross the Pyrenees to subjugate France. Cities including Narbonne are destroyed, but the invasion is ultimately halted at Carcassonne.
- 794 - Asturians defeat the Muslims at the Battle of Lutos.
- 795 - An Umayyad force occupies Astorga.
- 796 - Al-Hakam I, becomes Emir of Córdova.
- 798 - In a raid on Muslim lands, Alfonso II of Asturias enters Lisbon but cannot occupy it.
- 799 - The Basques revolt and kill the local Muslim governor of Pamplona.
- 800 - Charlemagne takes Barcelona. He is granted the title of "Holy Roman Emperor" by Pope Leo III in order to guarantee his protection of Rome against the invading Lombards."
- 800 - A 10 year Rebellion againsts the Muslims breaks out in the fringes of Al-Andalus (Lisbon, Merida, Toledo). Each rebellion is bloodily suppressed by the central Islamic authorities.
- 801 - Louis the Pious, Charlemagne's son of France takes Barcelona from the Moors.
- A frontier buffer between Frankish France and Muslim land is formed and is called the Marca Hispanica (Hispanic Border).
- 803 - Revolt of Banu Qasi in Tudela is suppressed.
- 805 - Insurrection against the Muslims erupts in Córdoba and Merida.
- 806 - Frankish conquest of Pamplona.
- After another revolt in Toledo, 700 men, women and children are beheaded by the Muslims.
- 808 - Franks fail to take Tortosa.
- 809 - An Umayyad prince defeats and executes Tumlus, a Muslim rebel who had seized power in Lisbon some years before.
- 811- Another insurrection against the Muslims erupts in Toledo lasting 8 years.
- 813 - The grave of James the Apostle is "discovered" near Santiago de Compostela, in Galicia, beginning the cult of St. James that would unite Iberian Christians of many different petty kingdoms.
- 818 - The revolt in Córdoba against the Muslims is punished by three days of massacres and pillage, with 300 notables crucified and 20,000 families expelled.
- 819 - The Franks suppress revolt in Pamplona.
- 822 - Abd-ar-Rahman II becomes Emir of Córdoba.
- 824 - Pamplona rebels again. The Basques rebel again and destroy a Frankish army at the second Battle of Roncesvalles. Kingdom of Pamplona established.
- 825 - Muslims attempt to invade Christian territory from Coimbra and Viseu but are driven back.
- 827 - Bernat of Septimania holds Barcelona against Gothic rebels who have Umayyad assistance.
- 828 - Insurrection against the Muslims erupts in Merida.
- 829 - Another insurrection in Merida.
- 839 - Alfonso II of Asturias commands a military force in the region of Viseu.
- 844 - Vikings raid the Galician estuaries, are defeated by Ramiro I, attack Lisbon, and sack Seville, but are shortly afterwards wiped-out by a Cordoban relief army.
- Battle of Clavijo, a legendary battle between Christians led by Ramiro I of Asturias and Muslims, where St. James is reputed to have aided the Christian Army.
- 848 - William, son of Bernat of Septimania, seizes Barcelona.
- 850-859 - Perfectus, a Christian priest in Muslim-ruled Córdoba, is beheaded after he refuses to retract numerous insults he made about Muhammad. Numerous other priests, monks, and laity would follow as Christians became caught up in a zest for martyrdom.
- Forty-eight Christians men and women are decapitated for refusing to convert or blaspheming Muhammad. They will be known as the Martyrs of Córdoba.
- 852 - Death of Abd ar-Rahman II.
- 855 Ordono I captures León from the Moors.
- 859 - Vikings raid the Iberian coast. They capture and ransom King García Íñiguez of Pamplona.
- 859 - Ordoño I of Asturias defeats Musa ibn Musa at Albelda.
- Insurrection against the Muslims erupts in Merida.
- 871 - The city of Coimbra is retaken from the Moors. Hermenegildo Mendes is made Count of Coimbra.
- 873 - Over the next 25 years Wilfred the Hairy, Count of Barcelona, sets up a Christian principality with a certain degree of independence from the Frankish kings.
- 886 - Al-Mundhir becomes Emir of Córdoba.
- 888 - Abdallah ibn Muhammad becomes Emir of Córdoba.
- 905 - Sancho I of Pamplona usurps the Basque kingdom of Pamplona with the help of Alfonso III of León, Raymond I of Ribagorza and the Banu Qasi.
- 912 - Abd al-Rahman III becomes the Emir of Córdoba. Every spring, Muslims launch raiding campaigns against the Christian frontier.
- 913 - An expedition commanded by Ordoño II of León takes Évora (Talavera) from the Muslims.
- 916 - Ordoño II of León is defeated by Emir Abd al-Rahman III in Valdejunquera.
- 917 - Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz. Ordoño II defeats an army under Emir Abd al-Rahman III.
- 918 - Battle of Talavera where Muslims under Abd al-Rahman III defeat the Christians.
- 920 - Battle of Valdejunquera, where the armies of Abd al-Rahman III defeat the armies of the Kingdom of León.
- 920 - Muslim forces cross the Pyrenees, enter Gascony, and reach as far as the gates of Toulouse. The garrison of Muez is killed.
- 923 - The city of Pamplona is destroyed by Muslim forces.
[edit] The Umayyad Caliphate (929–1031)
- 929 - Abd al-Rahman III, faced with the threat of invasion by the Fatimids, proclaims himself Caliph of Cordoba, breaking all ties with the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad. Under the reign of Abd al-Rahman III Muslim Al-Andalus reaches its greatest height before its slow decline over the next four centuries.
- 930 - Over the next 20 years Ramiro II of Leon, defeats Abd al-Rahman III at Simancas, Osma, and Talavera.
- 933 - Battle of Osma where Castilian-Leónese troops, under Count Fernan Gonzalez, defeat the Muslim army of Abd al-Rahman III.
- 939 - Battle of Simancas where Ramiro II of Leon defeats Abd al-Rahman III. Christians defeat Al-nasir at Alhandega.
- Madrid is recaptured from Muslim forces. The encounter between the two rulers finally took place in 939, when, at the so-called ditch of Simancas (Shant Mankus), Ramiro II of León severely defeated the Muslims, and Abd al-Rahman III narrowly escapes with his life. After that defeat Abd al-Rahman III resolved never to take personal charge of another expedition. But Madrid recaptured by Muslims in 940.
- 953 - Emperor Otto I sends representatives to Córdoba to ask Caliph Abd al-Rahman III to call off some Muslim raiders who had set themselves up in Alpine passes and are attacking merchant caravans going in and out of Italy.
- 955 - Ordono III of León attacks Lisbon.
- 961 - Al-Hakam II becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
- 974 - A Cordoban expedition under Ibn Tumlus crushes a rebellion in Seville.
- 976 - Caliph Al-Hakam II dies, and Al-Mansur takes over in the name of his protégé Hisham II, becoming a military dictator usurping caliphal powers and launching a big number of offensive campaignes against the Christians. The Christians take advantage of the resulting confusion and commence raids into Muslim territory.
- 977 - Al-Mansur volunteers to lead the army against the Christians, and is successful.
- 981 - Al-Mansur defeats his old friend Ghalib in a confused battle near Atienza. Al-Mansur force includes Berbers, Christian mercenaries, and Andalusian troops from Zaragoza under Man ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Tujibi. Ghalib's force includes Andalusians and a Castilian contingent under the Count García Fernandez. Ghalib is killed in the battle. Al-Mansur subsequently kills off both Ibn al-Andalusi and Man ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Tujibi.
- 983 - After failing in a rebellion in the Maghreb, the Berber Chief Zawi ibn Ziri, of the Tunisian royal family, brings a formidable force of Sanhaja horsemen to join Al-Mansur. However, they are not allowed to cross the straits for many years (sometime 1002-1008).
- 985 - Under Al-Mansur and subsequently his son, Christian cities are subjected to numerous raids.
- 985 - Al-Mansur sacks Barcelona.
- 986 - Al-Mansur burns down the monastery of Sant Cugat del Vallès.
- 987 - Al-Mansur lays waste to Christian Coimbra.
- 988 - Al-Mansur razes León to the ground. He sacks Leon, Zamora, and Sahagun, and sets fire to the great monasteries of Eslonza and Sahagun.
- 989 - Al-Mansur seizes Osma.
- 994 - The monastery of Monte Cassino is destroyed a second time by the Moors.
- 995 - Despite stout resistance by the Beni-Gomez clan - Christian counts of Saldaña, Liébana, Carrion, and Zamora - Al-Mansur destroys their capital, the city of Santa Maria de Carrion.
- 997 - Under the leadership of Al-Mansur, Muslim forces march out of the city of Córdoba and head north to capture Christian lands.
- 998 - Wadih, a Slav and the best Andalusian commander of the time, takes Fez in Morocco with a large force.
- Muslims briefly attempt to establish a garrison at Zamora.
- 1000 - Sancho III of Navarre, inflicts major losses on the Muslims, and nearly clinches a remarkable victory.
- 1000-1033 - Sancho III of Navarre gains control of Aragon and Castile, uniting the three kingdoms. But on his death, he splits the kingdom and leaves Navarre to his son García III of Pamplona, Castile to Fernando I, and Aragon to Ramiro I.
- 1002-1008 - Al-Mansur's son Al-Muzaffar conducts annual raids against the Christians.
- 1002 - Al-Mansur raids into La Rioja.
- 1003 - Moors lay waste to the city of León.
- 1004 - Arab raiders sack the Italian city of Pisa.
- 1008 - On the death of al-Muzaffar, Abd al-Rahman ibn Al-Mansur, another son of Al-Mansur, takes over the role of unofficial ruler. In winter he leads his army against the Christians.
- 1009 - Muslims lay waste to León again.
- 1010
- 1012 - Berber forces capture Córdoba and order that half the population be executed.
- 1013 - A Berber reign of terror in Córdoba that kills the deposed Hisham II.
- 1014 - The Berber chief Zawi ibn Ziri – leader of the Sanhaja confederation, and a member of the Tunisian royal family – makes Granada his capital.
- 1015 - The Emir of Denia, Mujahid al-Amiri, sets out from his base in the Balearic Islands with a fleet of 125 ships in an attempt to take Sardinia.
- 1018 - Self-proclaimed Caliph Ali ibn Hammud assassinated in Córdoba. His brother Al-Qasim replaces him. The Zirids of Granada defeat an Andalusian army of 4,000 under Abd ar-Rahman IV al-Mutada - the Umayyad claimant.
- 1021 - Abd-ar-Rahman IV becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
- 1022 - Abd-ar-Rahman V becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba with the support of Berber troops.
- 1023 - Muhammad III becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba with the support of Berber troops.
- 1025 - Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad, Abbadid Emir of Seville, captures two castles at Alafões to the north-west of Viseu.
- 1027 - Hisham III becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
- 1028 - Alfonso V, king of Asturias and León, lays siege to Viseu but is killed by a bolt from the walls.
Fragmentation of Iberia in the year 1031 AD
[edit] Political fragmentation (1031 - 1130)
- 1031 - The Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba falls.
- 1033 - The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) of Mértola becomes independent.
- 1034 - The Leonese destroy a raiding force under Ismail ibn Abbad of Seville. Ismail ibn Abbad flees to Lisbon.
- 1038 - Granadine armies under the vizier wage almost continuous war against their Muslim neighbours, primarily Seville.
- 1040 - The Taifa of Silves becomes independent.
- 1043 - Zaragoza and Toledo fight over the border city of Guadalajara. Toledo pays the Navarrese to raid into Zaragoza; similarly, Zaragoza pays the León-Castilians to raid into Toledo. The Christian armies ravage the respective Muslim lands unchecked.
- 1044 - Abbad III al-Mu'tamid, son of the Abbadid Emir of Seville Abbad II al-Mu'tadid, retakes Mértola, since 1033 an independent Taifa.
- 1051 - Yusuf ibn Hud, the Banu Hud Emir of Lleida, is paying the Catalans to protect against his own family in Zaragoza.
- 1053 - Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville drives Berbers from Arcos, Morón and Ronda.
- 1054 - Battle of Atapuerca. The army of Ferdinand I of Castile defeats that of his brother García IV of Navarra, near Burgos). Several disaffected Navarrese knights join the Castilians before the battle and one of these men is believed to have killed Garcia. Garcia's son Sancho is proclaimed King on the field of battle and the war continues.
- 1055 - Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville drives Berbers from Algeciras.
- 1056 - The Almoravids (al-Murabitun) Dynasty begins its rise to power. This Berber dynasty who would rule North Africa and Islamic Iberia until 1147.
- 1057 - Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville drives Almoravids from Carmona.
- 1058- Emir Al-Muzaffar al-Aftas (Abu Bekr Muhammad al-Mudaffar - Modafar I of Badajoz, Aftid Dynasty) pays the Christians to leave Badajoz, but not before Ferdinand I of Castile-León takes Viseu.
- 1060–1063 - Council (Ecumenical Synod) of Santiago de Compostela.
- 1060 - The heretic Berghouata Berbers set up a Taifa in Ceuta, but are eventually crushed by the Almoravids.
- 1062 - Ferdinand I of Castile and León invades Muslim Toledo with a large army. Emir Al-Mamun becomes a tributary of Castile. Ferdinand then invades Muslim Badajoz, and extracts tribute from Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville.
- 1063 - Battle of Graus. During spring, Ramiro I of Aragon besieges Muslim Graus in Zaragozan territory. The Emir al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza leads his army north accompanied by a Castilian contingent under Prince Sancho (the future Sancho II). Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar later known as El Cid is probably in the Castilian contingent. The opposing armies meet and after a protracted struggle Ramiro I is killed and the Aragonese flee (8 May 1063). Pope Alexander II sends an international force to Spain under his standard bearer William of Montreuil. It includes Italian knights, Normans (Robert Crespin, Baron of Lower Normandy), Frenchmen (William, Count of Poitiers and Duke of Aquitaine), and Iberians (Bishop of Vic; Count Ermengol II of Urgel). At the start of July the expedition besieges Barbastro in the Muslim Kingdom of Lleida. The Emir of Lleida (the brother of Muktadir of Zaragoza) makes no attempt to relieve the siege and after 40 days the defenders are forced to surrender when a large stone falls from the walls and blocks the only water supply. 50,000 inhabitants are massacred or enslaved. Count Ermengol II of Urgel is left as governor on behalf of Sancho Ramirez of Aragon. Seville feels obliged to pay Christians tribute.
- 1064 - Ferdinand I of León-Castile besieges Muslim Coimbra from 20 January 1064 until 9 July 1064. The Muslim governor who surrendered is allowed to leave with his family, but 5,000 inhabitants are taken captive, and all Muslims are forced out of Portuguese territory across the Mondego river.
- 1065 - Civil War in Castile-León. In April Emir Al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza, aided by 500 Sevillian knights, besieges Barbastro. The governor, Count Ermengol II of Urgel, is killed in a sortie, and a few days later the city falls, whereupon the Iberian and French garrison is put to the sword, thus bringing an end to Pope Alexander II's prototype crusade. At around the same time Emir Al-Muqtadir breaks off relationships with Castile, and Ferdinand I leads a punitive expedition into Zaragoza - taking Alquezar - and then into Valencia. Despite him being a tributary of Castile, Emir Mamun of Toledo leads to force in support of his son-in-law Emir Abd al-Malik. Mamun subsequently dethrones Abd al-Malik and incorporates Valencia into the Kingdom of Toledo. Ferdinand falls dangerously ill and retires from the field. King Ferdinand dies in León on 28 December 1065, and his empire is divided between his three sons: Sancho II in Castile, Alfonso VI in León, and Garcia in Galicia.
- 1066 - Joseph ibn Naghrela, son of the Jewish Vizier Samuel ibn Naghrela Ha-Nagid, invites Al-Mutasim of Almería to come and rule in Granada. The Zirids of Sanhaja defeat the attempt and instigate a pogrom of the Jews in Granada.
- Joseph and other Jews in Granada are attacked and murdered; many escapees flee to the north. "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day, December 30, 1066."[1]
- 1067 - The Castilian army under Sancho II and the Alferez Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar – already known as El Cid by this time – besiege Zaragoza. The siege is lifted after Emir Al-Muqtadir pays a large ransom and promises tribute. War of the three Sanchos: Castile versus Aragon and Navarre. Aragon severely mauls the Castilians at Viana, however status quo is restored when the Zaragozan Vali of Huesca invades Aragon from the south.
- 1068 - Alfonso VI of León leads a campaign against Badajoz, but withdraws when Emir Mamun ibn Dhi-I-Nun of Toledo intercedes. Badajoz becomes tributary to León. Later the Emir of Badajoz dies and his two sons dispute the succession.
- 1069 - Alfonso VI of León overruns Badajoz early in the year. Seville takes Córdoba. The army consists of an advance guard of 300 horses and a main body of 1000.
- 1071 - Battle of Pedroso (between Braga and the River Cávado) where Garcia II of Galicia suppresses the rebellion of his Portuguese subjects under Count Nuno Mendes, last count of Portugal of the Vímara Peres House. Count Nuno Mendes is killed and Garcia II of Galicia proclaims himself King of Portugal. Sometime after 18 January 1071 and before May, Garcia II of Galicia is captured by his brother Sancho II of Castile (It is unclear if Garcia was captured in open battle at Santarém or by trickery). Garcia purchases his release and retires to the court of his tributary Al-Mutamid of Seville. Galicia is divided between his brothers Sancho and Alfonso.
- 1073 - The Emir of Granada rejects the Castilian demand for tribute, however, Abbad III al-Mu'tamid, the Emir of Seville offers to pay instead. Consequently a joint Muslim-Castilian force builds the fortress of Belillos, from which the garrison raid into Granada.
- 1074 - Emir Al-Mutamid of Seville drives the Almoravids from Jaen.
- 1075 - Toledo takes Córdoba from Seville with the help of Castilian troops.
- 1076 - Emir Ahmad al-Muqtadir drives Slavs from Denia. Ferdinand I of León-Castile besieges Muslims and takes Coria in Badajoz. After the Emir of Toledo dies, Seville takes Córdoba back from his son al-Qadir.
- 1078 - Ibn Ammar acquires Murcia nominally on behalf of Seville but in reality as his own. Seville takes Valencia from Toledo. As a result Al-Qadir of Toledo is forced from the city by a coup and his opponents acknowledge al-Mutawwakil of Badajoz as their new ruler. The Almoravids take Tangier. Ceuta hangs on as the last Zanata outpost because its fleet can supply it from sea.
- 1079 - Battle of Cabra. Rodrigo Díaz, defeats the Emir Abd Allah of Granada, who was helped by the Castilian Count García Ordíñez.
- Battle of Coria. Alfonso VI (already king of Castile and León) defeats the Muslim Emir of Badajoz, Al-Mutawwakkil. Al-Mutawwakkil renounces control of Toledo and al-Qadir is reinstated. A Leonese garrison is established at Zorita to the east of Toledo.
- 1080 - Ibn Ammar forced to flee Murcia.
- 1081 - El Cid, now a mercenary because he had been exiled by Alfonso IV of Castile, enters the service of the Moorish king of the northeast Spanish city of Zaragosa, al-Mu'tamin, and would remain there for his successor, al-Mu'tamin II.
- 1082 - Battle of Almenar. Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, leading the army of Al-Mutamin of Zaragoza, defeats a combined army of the kings of Valencia (Al-Mundhir), Lleida (Al-Hayib), Aragón (Sancho Ramírez), and the Count of Barcelona (Berenguer Ramón II, who is captured). When Emir Al-Mutamid of Seville pays his tribute in debased coinage, Alfonso of León-Castile leads an expedition in Muslim territory.
- 1083 - In June-July Almoravids take Ceuta - the last outpost of the Zanata - and put to death the ruler, al-Muizz ibn Suqut. Ships from Seville may have aided the attack. The same summer Alfonso of León-Castile reaches Tarifa overlooking the Straits of Gibraltar. Castile under Alfonso VI of Castile takes Madrid.
- 1084 - The Muslim army of Zaragoza under El Cid defeats the Aragonese. In autumn the Castilians start a loose siege of Toledo.
- 1085 - Christians take Salamanca.
- 1086 - Several Muslim Emirs (namely Abbad III al-Mu'tamid) ask the Almoravid leader Yusuf ibn Tashfin for help against Alfonso VI of Castile. In this year Yusuf ibn Tashfin passed the straits to Algeciras and inflicted a severe defeat on the Christians at the Battle of az-Zallaqah (North of Badajoz). He was debarred from following up his victory by trouble in North Africa which he had to settle in person.
- Raymond of Burgundy, son of William I, Count of Burgundy, comes to Iberia for the 1st time to fight against the Moors, bringing with him his younger cousin Henry of Burgundy, grandson of Robert I, Duke of Burgundy.
- In spring the Castilians besiege Zaragoza, but the siege is called off when the Almoravids land in the south. In June the Almoravids advance guard of 500 men take possession of Algeciras. The remaining 12–20,000 soon follow. Castilians under Alvar Fañez install al-Qadir as Emir of Valencia.
- Almoravids, rampage through parts of Iberia, especially Granada and Lucena. There are persecutions and massacres. The wealthier Jews flee to Christian-held Iberia.[citation needed]
- The Christian advance obliges the Muslim kings of Granada, Seville and Badajoz to call to their aid the Almoravids.
- Battle of az-Zallaqah: At Sagrajas (Friday 23 October 1086) north-east of Badajoz, the Almoravids (12,000 or 20,000 men) under Yusuf ibn Tashfin and Andalusians (including Kings of Seville, Granada, Málaga, and Badajoz) defeat a predominantly Leonese-Castilian army (possibly 50-60,000 men including Jews, Aragonese, Italian and French) under Alfonso VI of Castile. The Andalusians encamp separately from the Almoravids. The Christian vanguard (Alvar Fañez) surprise the Andalusian camp before dawn; the men of Seville (Al-Mutamid) hold firm but the remaining Andalusians are chased off by the Aragonese cavalry. The Christian main body then attacks the Almoravids, but are held by the Lamtuma, and then withdraw to their own camp in response to an outflanking move by ibn Tashufin. The Aragonese return to the field, do not like what they see, and start a withdraw which turns to a rout. The Andalusians rally, and the Muslims drive Alfonso to a small hill. Alfonso and 500 knights escape in the night to Toledo. Al-Mutamid proposes that the Christians are pursued and crushed, but Ibn Tashufin retires back to his African domains leaving only 3,000 troops to defend the east of Al-Andalus. Al-Mutamid and the Almoravid generals Sir ibn Abi Bakr and Dawud ibn Aisha are reported to have fought well during the battle.
- 1087 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes the fortress of Aledo in the territory of Murcia, blocking the route from Seville and Granada to the eastern provinces.
- 1088 - Yusuf ibn Tashfin arrives back in Algeciras (May-June) and is joined by al-Mutamid of Seville and Abd Allah of Granada, plus support from Almería and Murcia (but not the Emirs). The combined army besieges Aledo for 4 months, but Yusuf ibn Tashfin returns to Africa unsuccessful.
- 1090 - Yusuf ibn Tashfin returns to the Peninsula for the third time, takes over the kingdoms of Granada and Málaga in September and is back in Africa by the end of the year. However, this time his nephew Sir ibn Abi Bakr is left to continue the conquest. Between 30 April 1090 and 8 May 1090, Christian troops enter Santarém, Lisbon and Sintra. These were recently ceded by the Al-Mutawwakil of Badajoz in return for protection from the Almoravids.
- 1091 The Almoravids led by Muhammad ibn al-Hajj take Córdoba and the Guadalquivir valley early in the year, and then defeat a Castilian force under Alva Fañez who were attempting to aid Al-Mutamid of Seville. In September Seville surrenders without much of a fight to Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Subsequently other Almoravids armies take Aledo and Almería. Ronda also falls and the Almoravid commander Garur executes al-Radi (the son al-Mutamid of Seville).
- 1092 - With El Cid away in Zaragoza, the Valencians under the qadi Ibn Jahhaf and supported by a small Almoravid force, drive the Castilian garrison out and execute their Emir al-Qadir. Ibn Jahhaf promptly sets himself up at Emir and starts negotiating with both El Cid and the Almoravids.
- 1093 - An Almoravid army (Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahiim) approaches Valencia but then retreats without striking a blow.
- 1095 - The Almoravids take Santarém.
- 1097 - El Cid defeats Almoravid (Ali ibn al-Hajj) at Bairen south of Valencia.
- Almoravid (Muhammad ibn al-Hajj) defeat Castilians (Alfonso VI) at Consuegra. El Cid's son, Diego, is one of the dead.
- Almoravid (Muhammad ibn Aisha) defeat Castilians (Alva Fañez) at Cuenca before ravaging the lands of Valencia.
- Yusuf ibn Tashfin assumes the title of Amir al Muslimin (Prince of the Muslims).
- 1099 - The Almoravids besiege El Cid's Valencia, where he dies on 10 July 1099.
- 1100 Molina falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter
- 1102- The followers of El Cid leave Valencia and the Muslims occupy the Peninsula as far as Zaragoza.
- 1103 - Ali, the brother of the Almoravid governor of Granada, Muhammad ibn al-Hajj, is killed in battle with the Castilians near Talavera.
- 1105 - The Almohads, founded by Ibn Tumart, began as a religious movement to rid Islam of impurities. Most specifically, the Almohads were opposed to anthropomorphisms which had slipped into Iberian Islam. Ibn Tumart's successor, Abd al-Mu'min, turned the movement against non-Muslims, specifically Jews and Christians. Sweeping across North Africa and into Muslim Iberia, the zealous Almohads initiate riots and persecutions of both Muslims and non-Muslims. In some towns Jews and Christians are given the choice of conversion, exile, or death.
- 1106 - Yusuf ibn Tashfin dies and his son, Ali, takes over the Almoravid empire.
- 1108 - The Almoravids under Tamim ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin, the brother of the ruler; another general is Muhammad ibn Fatima, the grandson of Sir ibn Abi Bakr) take the small town of Uclés to the east of Toledo, but a ridge top fortress holds out. Alfonso VI of Castile sends a relieving army under Alvar Fañez. The Almoravids decisively beat the Castilians and many leaders are killed, including Sancho, Alfonso's only son (by Zaïda, a Muslim princess) and heir. Subsequently, the Almoravids pretend to withdraw then launch a successful surprise attack on the castle. As a result the Christians abandon Cuenca and Huete.
- Almoravid (Tamim ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin) storm Talavera on the Tagus to the west of Toledo. The country to the north and south of Toledo is ravaged and the city unsuccessfully besieged for a month. Alvar Fañez leads the defence. Emir Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin joined this year's Jihad but does not mention him in the actions.
- 1110 - Al-Mustain of Zaragoza leads an expedition against the Christians, but is killed at Valtierra. His son, Imad al-Din, fails to establish his rule and the Almoravid (ibn al-Hajj) marches in (30 May 1110).
- 1111 - Almoravids led by Sir ibn Abi Bakr occupy Lisbon and Santarém in the west. These cities were occupied by the Almoravids in 1094-95 this suggests a fluctuating border in Portugal.
- 1112 - By this time the Aragonese have taken Huesca. Almoravid (ibn al-Hajj) raids into Aragonese territory and reaches the foothills of the Pyrenees.
- 1114 - A major Almoravid expedition (ibn al-Hajj from Zaragoza and Ibn Aisha of Valencia) raids into Catalonia. The army ravages Christian territory but is ambushed on its return and both Almoravid generals are killed. The Catalans under Count Ramon Berengar III take over the Balearic Islands upon the death of Emir Mubashir ibn Sulayman of Majorca.
- 1115 - The new Almoravid governor of Zaragoza, Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahim ibn Tifilwit, lays siege to Barcelona for 20 days. The Almoravids withdraw when Count Ramon Berengar III returns from Majorca. The Almoravid fleet takes the Balearic Islands. The Almoravid general and governor of Granada Mazdali ibn Tilankan dies in battle this year. He led expeditions against the Christians from 1111, so he might have led an expedition separate from those of Abu Bakr and the fleet. His son, Muhammad, governor of Córdoba, also dies in battle this year (against the Castilians), so it may have been the same expedition.
- 1117 - Almoravids under Emir Ali ibn Yusuf himself take Coimbra, but abandon the city after a few days.
- 1118 - Alfonso I of Aragon takes Saragossa from the Muslims. Settlers in the reconquered no-man's lands of Castile are granted fueros, special rights.
- 1120 - Alfonso I of Aragon decisively defeats an Almoravid army including many Andalusian volunteers at Cutanda in summer.
- 1121 - The Aragonese take Calatayud. The Cordobans rebel against the Almoravids, and drive the governor and his troops from the city. The Emir Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin leads an army from Africa to suppress the rebellion. The Almoravids besiege the city, and persuade the Cordobans to lay down their arms.
- 1122 -Aragonese take Daroca.
- 1125 - In September, Alfonso I of Aragon sets out south with an army of 4,000 knights. He travels down the east coat, bypasses the cities and ravages the countryside. He reaches Guadix unopposed in December.
- 1126 - The Almoravids deport Christians to Morocco.
- Alfonso I of Aragon defeats the Almoravids at Arinzul near Lucena. After symbolically fishing at Motril on the south coast, Alfonso returns home undefeated.
- 1129 - Alfonso I of Aragon defeats an Almoravid army led by Ali ibn Majjuz, the governor of Seville deep inside Valencian territory. This is probably at Cullera or Alcala near Alcira.
[edit] Decline and submission to Christian rule (1130–1481)
- 1130 - Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf (the son of the Almoravid Emir) takes the castle of Aceca south of Toledo. The Almoravid (Governor of Valencia) defeat invading Aragonese and kill Gaston IV of Béarn of the First Crusade.
- 1133 - The Christian militia of Toledo reach the gates of Seville and kill the Almoravid governor (Abu Hafs Umar ibn Ali ibn al-Hajj). Further damage is averted by the intervention of Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf.
- 1134 - Almoravid (Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf) raids in the Caceres area.
- 1135 - Birth of Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon (called "Rambam" or Moses Maimonides).
- 1136 - Almoravid (Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya; Sa`d ibn Mardanish) retakes Mequinenza on the lower Ebro.
- 1137 - Almoravid (Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf) defeat the Castilians near Alcazar de San Juan and sack the castle at Escalona north of the Tagus.
- 1139 - Battle of Ourique between the Portuguese, led by Afonso I of Portugal, and the Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf.
- 1140 - Poema del Mio Cid written.
- 1144 - The Muridun ("Disciples") under Abul-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Qasi rebel in the Algarve. Ibn al-Mundhir takes Silves in his name, and the governor of Beja, Sidray ibn Wazir, also supports him. Ibn al-Mundhir and Sidray ibn Wazir kill the garrison of Monchique castle, and 70 men take Mértola by surprise (12 Aug). Soon after, the Andalusian governor of Niebla, Yusuf ibn Ahmad al-Bitruji declares for the Muridun. The Almoravid Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya drives the Muridun back from Seville, and afterwards Sidray ibn Wazir splits off from the other Muridun.
- 1145 - The Cordobans evict the Almoravid governor at the beginning of the year and raise up Hamdin ibn Huhammad ibn Hamdin as Emir. A Zaragozan adventurer in Castilian employ (Sayf al-Dawla ibn Hud al-Mustansir) briefly seizes power from ibn Hamdin in March but flees to the Levante due to popular hostility. Ibn Hamdin returns to power but is soon dispossessed by the Almoravid (Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya). In March the Andalusian Jund in Valencia raise up the qadi Marwan ibn Abd al-Aziz as Emir. When he cannot pay them they replace him with their own leader Ibn Iyad.
- 1146 - Al-Mustansir accepts the crowns of Valencia and Murcia from the hands of Ibn Iyad. The Christians defeat the Valencians (Al-Mustansir) near Albacete killing Al-Mustansir in the process. Ibn Iyad reassumes the title of Emir. Ibn Iyad dies in an obscure conflict and Muhammad ibn Sa`d ibn Mardanish becomes ruler.
- 1147 - Alfonso VII of Castile takes Calatrava.
- 1148 - Almohads take Seville. Aragonese take Tortosa.
- 1149- Aragonese take Lleida and Fraga.
- 1150 - The Taifas of Badajoz and of Beja and Évora are taken by the Almohads.
- 1151 - The Almohads, another more conservative African Muslim dynasty who have displaced the Almoravids, retake Almería. Jews and Mozárabes (Christians in Muslim lands) flee to the northern Christian kingdoms of Spain, or to Africa and the East, including Rambam.
- 1155 - Almohads take Granada from Almoravids.
- 1157 - Almohads take Almería from Genoese.
- 1158 - King Afonso I of Portugal takes Alcácer do Sal from the Moors.
- 1159 - Évora and Beja, in the southern province of Alentejo, are taken from the Moors by the Portuguese.
- 1160- Maimonides and his family took refuge in Fez in Morocco, which had been spared by the Almohads.
- 1161 - Évora, Beja and Alcácer do Sal are retaken by the Moors.
- 1162 - King Afonso I of Portugal retakes Beja from the Moors.
- 1163 - The Almohad Caliph Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi dies and is suceded by Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I.
- 1165 - Faked conversions become widespread with the accession of the sultan Abu Yakub. His son, Yakub Al-Mansur (1184–1199) imposes several restrictions upon the new converts. They could marry only among themselves and were forbidden to engage in large-scale trading, Doubting the sincerity of their conversion, in 1198, he also ordered them to wear a special degrading garb: a blue tunic one cubit long with ridiculously long wide sleeves. The converts were compelled to wear a blue skullcap which fell below their ears in the shape of a donkey's packsaddle, instead of the usual turbans.
- 1165- Maimonides and his family leave Fez.
- 1166 - The Portuguese armies take Serpa and Moura (in Alentejo) from the Moors.
- 1168 - Portuguese frontiersman Geraldo the Fearless goes into the territory of Badajoz.
- 1169 - King Afonso I of Portugal grants the Knights Templar one third of all they take from the Moors in Alentejo.
- 1170 - The Almohads transfer their capital to Seville.
- 1171 - Almohad Muslims begin building the Alcázar, their palace.
- 1172 - Almohads capture Murcia. Almohads take over Valencia when ibn Mardanish dies.
- 1179 - Castile and Aragon agree on future partition of Al-Andalus.
- 1184 - The Portuguese defeat the Almohads at Santarém.
- 1190 - Maimonides writes the Moreh Nebukhim, or Guide to the Perplexed, using rationalism to reconcile Judaism with Aristotle's laws of nature, and Shloshah-Asar Ikkarim, the Thirteen Articles of Faith.
- 1195 - The Almohads defeat the Castilians at Alarcos.
- 1199 - The Almohad Caliph Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur dies and is succeeded by Muhammad an-Nasir.
- 1200 - Ibn Tumart's successor, Abd al-Mumin, turned the movement against non-Muslims, specifically Jews and Christians. Sweeping across North Africa and into Muslim Iberia, the zealous Almohads initiated riots and persecutions of Muslims and non-Muslims. In some towns Jews and Christians were given the choice of conversion, exile, or death.
- 1203 - The Almohads take Majorca from the Almoravid.
- 1205 - Death of Maimonides in Egypt. Birth of Chaiya bat Avraham Toledano.
- 1212 - Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa: Alfonso VIII of Castile, Sancho VII of Navarre, Pedro II of Aragon and Afonso II of Portugal, defeat Almohad (Caliph Muhammad an-Nasir) at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The Christians had 60-100,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry, and had troops from Western Europe, Castile, Navarre, Aragon, León and Portugal, Military Orders (Knights Templar, Knights Hospitaller, Santiago, Cavatrava), and urban militias.
- After the defeat the Almohad empire goes into a serious decline in Spain and in North Africa.
- 1213 - Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II becomes Almohad Caliph.
- 1217 - The Portuguese take the town of Alcácer do Sal from the Moors.
- 1217-1252 - Fernando III, king of Castile and León, conquers Córdoba, Murcia, Jaen, and Seville. Granada remains as the sole independent Muslim kingdom.
- 1227 - Denia falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter
- 1228 - Badajoz falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
- 1229 - Jaime I of Aragon, the Conqueror, retakes Majorca, Jerica and Murviedro-Sagunto which will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
- 1230 - Alfonso IX of Leon advances along the River Guadiana, takes Merida and Badajoz, and opens up the way for the conquest of Seville.
- 1232 Ibiza and Jaen fall to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
- 1233 - Castile defeats Granada at the Battle of Jerez.
- 1236 - Portugal captures most of the Algarve.
- 1238 - Aragon captures Valencia. Aragonese forces include urban militia.
- 1243 Jaime I retakes Murcia from the Moors and it will remain in Christian control thereafter.
- 1244 Arjona and Baeza fall to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
- 1245 - Muslim troubles start in Valencia.
- 1246 Carmona falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter
- 1247 - Having had time to secretly regroup his forces Al-Azraq breaks the treaty that he had signed in 1245 and leads a revolt in Valencia.
- 1248 - Christian armies under Ferdinand III of Castile take Seville after 16 months of siege, despite Muslim catapults, Greek fire, and bowmen who pierce armor. Castilian forces include urban militia.
- 1249 – King Afonso III of Portugal takes Faro (in the Algarve) from the Moors, thus removing the last Muslim state from Portuguese soil and ending the Portuguese Reconquista.
- 1250 – Tejada , Constantina , Huelva , and Jerez fall to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
- 1252-1284 - Alfonso X the Wise continues the Christian reconquest of the peninsula and is obliged to face the Mudejar revolts of Andalusia and Murcia. He seeks election as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1257. He drafts the Fuero de las Leyes, the forerunner of the Siete Partidas.
- 1256 - Fighting flares up between the Valencia rebels and the Aragonese.
- 1257 - Muslims use some form of incendiary weapon at Niebla.
- 1258 - King Jaime I of Aragon takes al-Azraq's main citadel and suppresses the Valencian rebellion.
- 1262 Niebla and Cádiz falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
- 1264 - Muslim revolt in Andalusia.
- 1266 Lorca ,Murcia ,Purchena and Segura are retaken from the Muslims and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
- 1275 - Four Marinid expeditions to Iberia.
- Muslims defeat Christians at Ecija.
- 1276 - Muslim revolt in Valencia.
- 1280 - Muslims use some form of incendiary weapon at Córdoba.
- 1287 - Menorca falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
- 1292 - Castile captures Tarifa from Marinids.
- 1306 - Muslims use some form of incendiary weapon at Gibraltar.
- 1309 - Ferdinand IV of Castile takes Gibraltar.
- 1310 - Castile captures Gibraltar.
- 1312-1350 - War between Alfonso XI and Granada:-
- 1319 - Granada defeats Castilian invasion.
- 1324 - Catalonia occupies Sardinia.
- 1325 - Alfonso XI decides to avenge the defeat against his army in 1319. His armies attack Granada once again. This time, they are victorious and manage to defeat Muhammad IV.
- 1331 - Granada uses iron balls propelled by fire or containing fire against Alicante and Orihuela.
- 1333 - Granada retakes Gibraltar from the Castilians.
- 1340 - The combined armies of King Afonso IV of Portugal and King Alfonso XI of Castille defeat a Muslim army at the Battle of Rio Salado.
- 1343 - Granadines use cannon in the (unsuccessful) defence of Algeciras.
- 1394 - Battle of Egea. Granadine troops become the first troops in Iberia to use handguns.
- 1410 - An attack against Granada is led by Ferdinand of Aragon. He does not take Granada, but he takes the city of Antequera. This is considered the most important victory against the Muslims since the reign of Alfonso XI.
- 1415 - Portugal takes the city of Ceuta in North Africa.
- 1462 - Castile takes Gibraltar again.
[edit] Castile-Aragón conquers the kingdom of Granada (1481–1491)
- 26 December 1481 - The Granadines (Emir Abu Hasan) surprise the Castilian garrison of Zahara on a stormy night. The population is enslaved.
- 1482 - Forces of Castile-Aragón (2500 cavalry and 3000 infantry under Rodrigo Ponce de Leon Marquis of Cadiz gather at Marchena (25 Feb), march to Antequera, cross the Sierra Alzerifa, and then seize Granadine Alhama on a stormy night before dawn (28 February 1482). Abu Hasan attempts to retake Alhama by siege (5–19 March) but withdraws unsuccessfully to Granada. Muslim troops from Ronda raid the Arcos area to try to tempt the Marquis out of Alhama. In support of his men at Alhama, King Ferdinand marches to Lucena, sends reinforcements to Alhama (30 April 1482), withdraws to Córdoba to organise a major force, and then formally takes over Alhama (14 May 1482).
- 1483 - Battle of Axarquia. A fast moving Castilian force raids into the mountains of Axarquia. Emir Muhammad XII of Granada becomes the first King of Granada to be captured by the Christians.
- 1484 - The Castilian-Aragónese army led by King Ferdinand II of Aragon assembles at Antequera in Spring, marches to Alora, raids Coin, Cazabonela, Almjia, Cartama, Pupiana, Alhendrin, and the fertile valley of Málaga before returning to Antequera. They capture Alora and Senetil and raid into the fertile valley of Granada.
- 1485 - Al-Zagal drives Muhammad XII from Almería. Muhammad XII flees to King Ferdinand II of Aragon, at Córdoba. Ferdinand besieges Coin and Cartama. Al-Zagal then attempts to relieve the sieges, but first Coín falls (27 April 1485) then Cartama (28 April 1485). The garrison of Ronda raids Medina Sidonia but returns to find its city besieged by Ferdinand in early May. Abu Hasan of Granada dies and Al-Zagal assumes title of Emir in late May; Al-Zagal defeats a Christian foraging party from Alhama on his way to Granada. Three groups of Castilian-Aragonese march toward Moclin (late Aug). Al-Zagal ambushes and defeats the first group, although it is rescued by the second group of Christians in early September. Al-Zagal enters Moclin. The third Castilian-Aragonese group (Ferdinand) joins the other two and they take the castles of Cambil and Albahar (23 September 1485). The Castilian-Aragonese of Alhama also take the castle of Zalea in September.
- 1487 Málaga falls to the Reconquista .
- 1489 Spain captures Baza. Al-Zagal surrenders to Spain.
- 1491 The Muslims in Granada surrender to the Christians. Abu 'abd Allah Muhammad XII Sultan of Granada relinquishes the last Muslim controlled city in the Iberian Peninsula to the Christians and signs the Treaty of Granada.
[edit] Aftermath (1492–1616)
- 2 January 1492 - The Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, take over Granada.
- 1492-1507 - The remaining Moors who want to stay in Spain form an alliance with the towns of Abarán, Ulea, Eyes, and Ricote and request to become Catholic and abandon the Muslim religion. They request King Fernando to grant them permission to convert their mosques back to Christian churches. The king then appeals to the reigning Pope Julius II (nephew of Sixtus IV) to grant the aspirations of these new Christians. These former Moorish converts to Christianity will come to be known as the Moriscos.
- 1496 - All Moors are expelled from Portugal.
- 1502 - After various rebellions, the Moors are deemed in violation of their surrender terms and are forcibly expelled from Granada along with the Jews, who are widely perceived to have collaborated with the Moors against the Christians during Muslim rule. Muslims who convert rather than be expelled are known as moriscos, and Jews who convert as marranos.
- 1516 - King Charles I, the grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, rises to the throne of both Castile and Aragon. With the conquest of Granada and Iberian Navarre, the modern nation of Spain is formed.
- 1519–1522 - Revolt of the Germanies of Kingdom of Valencia. In it, the rebels murder many Mudéjars and forcibly baptize and convert the rest. The rebels had been armed to take up coastal defense against the Barbary pirates, and saw the Muslims as both collaborators with the raiding overseas Muslims and competitors for jobs.
- 1526 - After convening a council to examine the problem, King Charles I declares that the forced conversions of the Muslims of Valencia and Aragon were valid, because they could have chosen death rather than convert.
- 1568 - Rebellion of the Alpujarras. After King Philip II introduces laws prohibiting Moorish culture, the remaining population of Moors who had nominally converted to Christianity in order to remain in Spain , then known as Moriscos, revolt under the leadership of Aben Humeya in Granada. The rebellion is suppressed, in 1571, by John of Austria, Philip II's half-brother, and the Moriscos are deported to different parts of the northern half of the Iberian peninsula.
- 1609 - Expulsion of the Moriscos - King Philip III issues the Act of Expulsion for the entire remaining Moriscos population, claiming that they appealed to the Ottoman Empire for military intervention in Spain.[2] They are viewed by some as a fifth column trying to rebuild the Muslim occupation in the Peninsula.
- 1616 - The last remaining Moriscos in the Iberian peninsula are expelled.
