The World Set Free
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| The World Set Free | |
 Title page of the first edition |
|
| Author | H. G. Wells |
|---|---|
| Country | England |
| Language | English |
| Genre(s) | Novel |
| Publisher | Macmillan & Co. |
| Publication date | 1914 |
| Media type | print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 286 pp |
| ISBN | NA |
The World Set Free is a novel published in 1914 by H. G. Wells. The book is considered a prophetical novel foretelling the advent of nuclear weapons.[1][2][3]
A constant theme in Wells's work, such as his 1901 nonfiction book Anticipations, was the role of energy and technological advance as a determinant of human progress. The novel opens: "The history of mankind is the history of the attainment of external power. Man is the tool-using, fire-making animal."
Scientists of the day were well aware that the slow natural radioactive decay of elements like radium continues for thousands of years, and that while the rate of energy release is negligible, the total amount released is huge. Wells used this as the basis for his story. In his fiction,
The problem which was already being mooted by such scientific men as Ramsay, Rutherford, and Soddy, in the very beginning of the twentieth century, the problem of inducing radio-activity in the heavier elements and so tapping the internal energy of atoms, was solved by a wonderful combination of induction, intuition, and luck by Holsten so soon as the year 1933.[4]
The physicist Leó Szilárd read the book in 1932, conceived of the idea of nuclear chain reaction in 1933, and filed for patents on it in 1934.[5] Soddy's book Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt praises The World Set Free.
Wells did have some knowledge of atomic physics, and William Ramsay, Ernest Rutherford, and Frederick Soddy's discovery of the disintegration of uranium. In Wells's story, the "atomic bombs" have no more power than ordinary high explosive—but they "continue to explode" for days:
Never before in the history of warfare had there been a continuing explosive; indeed, up to the middle of the twentieth century the only explosives known were combustibles whose explosiveness was due entirely to their instantaneousness; and these atomic bombs which science burst upon the world that night were strange even to the men who used them.[6]
Wells offers the following explanation of how the bombs are supposed to work:
Those used by the Allies were lumps of pure Carolinum, painted on the outside with unoxidised cydonator inducive enclosed hermetically in a case of membranium. A little celluloid stud between the handles by which the bomb was lifted was arranged so as to be easily torn off and admit air to the inducive, which at once became active and set up radio-activity in the outer layer of the Carolinum sphere. This liberated fresh inducive, and so in a few minutes the whole bomb was a blazing continual explosion.[6]
No bomb could "explode continuously" without destroying itself. This is one of the problems that had to be solved in the development of the real atomic bomb. Nuclear weapons are, and need to be, just as "instantaneous" as a conventional explosive. Thus Wells's bombs were not truly prophetic at an engineering level. Nevertheless, it is startling to read:
Certainly it seems now that nothing could have been more obvious to the people of the earlier twentieth century than the rapidity with which war was becoming impossible. And as certainly they did not see it. They did not see it until the atomic bombs burst in their fumbling hands... All through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the amount of energy that men were able to command was continually increasing. Applied to warfare that meant that the power to inflict a blow, the power to destroy, was continually increasing. There was no increase whatever in the ability to escape... Destruction was becoming so facile that any little body of malcontents could use it... Before the last war began it was a matter of common knowledge that a man could carry about in a handbag an amount of latent energy sufficient to wreck half a city.[7]
Of course looking through the prism of the eyes of an early 21st century inhabitant "...that any little body of malcontents" could describe a terrorist cell. In his day Wells viewed war as the inevitable result of the Modern State; the introduction of atomic energy in a world divided resulted in the collapse of society. The only possibilities left were "either the relapse of mankind to agricultural barbarism from which it had emerged so painfully or the acceptance of achieved science as the basis of a new social order." Wells's theme of world government is presented as a solution to the threat of nuclear weapons. It is possible that several years of nuclear terrorism could frighten world leaders so much that they are willing to consider a one-world government, seeking "peace and safety", as truly depicted in Revelations, for example.[8]
From the first they had to see the round globe as one problem; it was impossible any longer to deal with it piece by piece. They had to secure it universally from any fresh outbreak of atomic destruction, and they had to ensure a permanent and universal pacification.[9]
[edit] Trivia
- The 1995 novel The Time Ships by Stephen Baxter is an authorized sequel to Wells's The Time Machine. Carolinum appears in the story, as well as the detonation of a Carolinum bomb which, according to one character, will continue to burn for years.
- In 2001, a reprint of this book was released under the new title The Last War: A World Set Free.
[edit] References
- ^ Dyson, George (2002). Project Orion. Macmillan. pp. 10. ISBN 9780805059854. http://books.google.com/books?id=4S2KocYp8AkC&pg=PA10.
- ^ Flynn, John L. (2005). War of the Worlds. Galactic Books. pp. 14. ISBN 9780976940005. http://books.google.com/books?id=T0aCSs1-23sC&pg=PA14.
- ^ Parrinder, Parrinder (1997). H.G. Wells. Routledge. pp. 11. ISBN 9780415159104. http://books.google.com/books?id=73q85EPQwDQC&pg=PA11.
- ^ Wells, Herbert George (1914). "Chapter the first". The World Set Free. Macmillan & Co..
- ^ Richard Rhodes (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 24. ISBN 0684813785.
- ^ a b Wells, Herbert George (1914). "Chapter the second, section four". The World Set Free. Macmillan & Co..
- ^ Wells, Herbert George (1914). "Chapter the second, section five". The World Set Free. Macmillan & Co..
- ^ Doomsday: On The Brink (1997, The Learning Channel) Narrator: "Judging from a CIA report leaked to the press, the greater danger is from sheer neglect. Russia does not track its nuclear stockpiles well enough to know if anything has been stolen. It isn't the bombs terrorists and rogue leaders want, it's the plutonium cores, some as small as a grapefruit. Gangsters and terrorists have been caught trying to smuggle them out." Narrator: "For all the fear and uncertainty of the Cold War we knew who had the bombs and where they were aimed..... now it's every man for himself." Expert: "Every weapon in the 30,000 years of human evolution has proliferated. We can slow down nuclear proliferation. We can't stop it." Narrator: "Some day a nuclear bomb may explode again over a great city.... we'll be going to work, going to school. Like Hiroshima, we won't be expecting it. It will come in the blink of an eye."
- ^ Wells, Herbert George (1914). "Chapter the fourth, section six". The World Set Free. Macmillan & Co..
[edit] External links
- The World Set Free at Project Gutenberg
- Wells, H. G. (2001). The Last War: A World Set Free. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN-X. http://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/bookinfo/4037.html., (edited and with an introduction by Greg Bear) Note: in his Introduction, Bear says without further explanation that "For this Bison Books edition, The World Set Free has been retitled. For this historical introduction, I will continue to use Wells's original title."
- The World Set Free, a story of mankind, by H. G. Wells, 1914. (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVu & layered PDF format)
