Marshal of the Air Force
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Marshal of the Air Force is the English term for the most senior rank in a number of air forces. The ranks described by this term can properly be considered marshal ranks.
No air force in an English-speaking country formally uses the title "Marshal of the Air Force", although it is sometimes used as a shortened form of the full title. In several Commonwealth air forces and many Middle Eastern air forces the most senior rank is named "Marshal of the", followed by the name of the air force (e.g. Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force). Brazil and Italy have used rank titles which literally translate as Marshal of the Air, whereas Portugal's rank translates as Marshal of the Air Force. The Soviet Union used "Chief Marshal of Air Forces" but the modern Russian Federation has discontinued this usage. Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe used the rank of Generalfeldmarschall (also used by the World War II German Army) and the even higher rank of Reichsmarschall which was held solely by Hermann Göring.
The first instance of this rank was Marshal of the Royal Air Force, which was established on paper in 1919 and was first held by Lord Trenchard (from 1927 onwards). Other Commonwealth countries later adopted their own national versions of the rank but unlike the United Kingdom, they have only used it as a ceremonial honour.
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[edit] Seniority
Marshals of the air force can be properly considered marshals and such ranks are equivalent to the army rank of Field Marshal and the navy rank of Admiral of the Fleet. Marshal of the Air Force is a 5 star rank and in NATO countries it is described by the ranking code of OF-10. As such a senior rank, it is very seldom held. It is awarded either in a ceremonial capacity to heads of state or members of royal families, or to very senior officers in large air forces.
In the air forces of Australia, India, New Zealand, Thailand and the United Kingdom, marshals of the air force are immediately senior to air chief marshals.
During Germany's Nazi period, the Luftwaffe (Air Force), in common with the Heer (Army), used the rank of Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal), which was equivalent to Großadmiral (Grand Admiral) in the Navy. Generalfeldmarschall was immediately senior to Generaloberst (Colonel General) and it was the most senior German air force and army rank until the promotion of Hermann Göring to the even higher rank of Reichsmarschall (Imperial Marshal) in July 1940. The ranks of Reichsmarschall and Generalfeldmarschall were abolished after the fall of the Third Reich.
The Soviet rank of Chief Marshal of a troop arm was established in 1943 as an analogue to the British rank of Marshal of the Royal Air Force and as an equivalent rank to the Soviet rank of General of the Army. As there was no direct correspondence between Soviet and British ranks, Chief Marshal was only approximately equivalent to Marshal of the Royal Air Force and it might also be considered equivalent to air chief marshal. Officers were appointed to the rank of Chief Marshal of Aviation (as well in other troop arms such as artillery and armoured troops which are not covered in this article). The rank of Chief Marshal of Aviation was subordinate to the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union and superior to Marshal of a troop arm (which was also established in 1943 as an analogue to the rank of Air Marshal). Marshals of a troop arm were immediately senior to Soviet Colonel Generals. The first man to hold the rank of Chief Marshal of Aviation was Alexander Novikov who led the Soviet Air Force from 1942 to the end of World War II. He was promoted February 1944. Since that time at least seven other Soviet officers have held the rank. The Russian Federation has replaced the rank with General of the Army for both army and air force officers.
[edit] Rank insignia
There are a variety of rank insignia in use by the different air forces which maintain a rank of Marshal of the Air Force. Some, such the Royal Air Force, derive the pattern from the sleeve lace for an Admiral of the Fleet, using one broad light blue band on a wider broad black band with four narrow light blue bands each on slightly wider black bands. Others use a pattern of five stars.
 Marshal of the Royal Air Force |
 Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force |
 Marshal of the Royal Thai Air Force (จอมพลอากาศ) |
 Marshal of the Air (Brazil) |
 Marechal (Portugal) |
 Marshal of the Indian Air Force |
[edit] List of Marshals of the Air Force
[edit] Other countries
The rank also exists or has existed (on paper) in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Iran, South Korea, Nigeria, Pakistan[28] and South Vietnam, but not all of these countries have ever actually used it. The Turkish Air Force maintains a rank of Hava Mareşalı (literally Air Marshal but equivalent to five star rank). The French Air Force, in common with the French Army has Marshal of France as its most senior rank. However, unlike the French Army, the Air Force has never had one of its officers created a Marshal of France. The United States does not use the rank, using General of the Air Force instead.
[edit] References
- ^ Duke of Edinburgh
- ^ London Gazette: no. 40137, p. 1959, 2 April 1954. Retrieved on 2009-06-04.
- ^ Buyers, Christopher. "The Al-Khalifa Dynasty". The Royal Ark. http://www.royalark.net/Bahrain/bahrain10.htm. Retrieved on 17 December 2008.
- ^ http://www.incaer.aer.mil.br/MarTrompowsky.htm
- ^ http://www.rudnei.cunha.nom.br/FAB/en/patrono.html
- ^ a b Egypt
- ^ Buyers, Christopher (May 2001 - July 2007). "The Solomonic Dynasty". The Royal Ark. http://4dw.net/royalark/Ethiopia/shoa7.htm. Retrieved on 2008-04-08.
- ^ India
- ^ Buyers, Christopher. "Al-Hashimi Dynasty". The Royal Ark. http://www.royalark.net/Arabia/hijaz1.htm. Retrieved on 17 December 2008.
- ^ a b Jordan
- ^ Sultan Abdul Halim
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Maylasia
- ^ Oman
- ^ Portugal
- ^ Baron Newall
- ^ Barrass, Malcolm (2007-09-29). "Marshal of the RAF Sir Arthur Harris". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Harris.htm. Retrieved on 2008-03-31.
- ^ Barrass, Malcolm (2007-09-01). "Marshal of the RAF Sir Thomas Pike". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Pike_TG.htm. Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
- ^ Barrass, Malcolm (2007-06-16). "Marshal of the RAF The Lord Elworthy of Timaru". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Elworthy.htm. Retrieved on 2008-04-18.
- ^ Barrass, Malcolm (2007-06-16). "Marshal of the RAF Sir John Grandy". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Grandy.htm. Retrieved on 2008-04-01.
- ^ Barrass, Malcolm (2007-10-07). "Marshal of the RAF Sir Denis Spotswood". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Spotswood.htm. Retrieved on 2008-04-02.
- ^ Probert, Henry. High Commanders of the Royal Air Force. London: HMSO. p. 133. ISBN 0117726354.
- ^ Probert, Henry. High Commanders of the Royal Air Force. London: HMSO. p. 135. ISBN 0117726354.
- ^ Probert, Henry. High Commanders of the Royal Air Force. London: HMSO. p. 137. ISBN 0117726354.
- ^ Probert, Henry. High Commanders of the Royal Air Force. London: HMSO. p. 139. ISBN 0117726354.
- ^ Probert, Henry. High Commanders of the Royal Air Force. London: HMSO. p. 141. ISBN 0117726354.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 53103, p. 18862, 9 November 1992. Retrieved on 2009-04-29.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 53814, p. 14206, 10 October 1994. Retrieved on 2009-04-29.
- ^ http://www-ec.njit.edu/~axz6893/airforce.htm
