Labiodental nasal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| IPA – number | 115 |
| IPA – text | ɱ |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | ɱ |
| X-SAMPA | F |
| Kirshenbaum | M |
 Sound sample (help·info) |
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The labiodental nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɱ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is F. The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter m with a leftward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter. Occasionally it is instead transcribed as an <m> with a dental diacritic: [m̪].
It is pronounced very similarly to the bilabial nasal [m], except instead of the lips touching each other, the lower lip touches the upper teeth. The position of the lips and teeth is generally the same as for the production of the other labiodental consonants, like [f] and [v], though closure is obviously incomplete for the fricatives.
The labiodental nasal has not been confirmed to exist as a separate phoneme in any language. It has been reported from the Kukuya dialect of Teke, where it is "accompanied by strong protrusion of both lips". However, there is some doubt that a true stop can be made by this gesture.[1]
Nevertheless, it is common phonetically, as it is a typical allophone of /m/ and /n/ before the labiodental fricatives [f] and [v], as in English comfort, circumvent, infinitive, or invent. In Angami, it occurs as an allophone of /m/ before /ə/.
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[edit] Features
Features of the labiodental nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental which means it is articulated with the lower lips and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
[edit] Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech | tramvaj | [ˈtraɱvaj] | 'tram' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | symfoni | [søɱfo'niˀ] | 'symphony' | See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch | Belgian[2] | omvallen | [ˈʔɔɱvɑlə] | 'to fall over' | See Dutch phonology |
| English | symphony | [ˈsɪɱfəni] | 'symphony' | See English phonology | |
| Finnish | informaatio | [ˈiɱfo̞rˌmɑːt̪io̞] | 'information' | See Finnish phonology | |
| Greek | έμβρυο | [ˈe̞ɱvrio̞] | 'embryo' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gweno | [ɱwiː] | 'white/gray hair' | |||
| Italian[3] | invece | [iɱˈvetʃe] | 'on the contrary' | See Italian phonology | |
| Norwegian | komfyr | [kɔɱˈfyːɾ] | 'stove' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Slovene | simfonija | [siɱfɔˈnija] | 'symphony' | ||
| Spanish[4] | influencia | [ĩɱˈflwẽ̞nθja] | 'influence' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | amfibie | [aɱˈfiːˌbjɛ] | 'amphibia' | See Swedish phonology | |
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
- Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson (1996), Sounds of the World's Languages, Blackwells
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
- Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2): 243-247
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