HALO jump
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
HALO/HAHO are acronyms that describe methods of delivering personnel, equipment, and supplies from a transport aircraft at a high altitude via free-fall parachute insertion. HALO (High Altitude-Low Opening) and HAHO (High Altitude-High Opening) are also known as Military Free Fall (MFF).
In the HALO technique, the parachutist opens his parachute at a low altitude after free-falling for a period of time, while in the HAHO technique, the parachutist opens his parachute at a high altitude just a few seconds after jumping from the aircraft. HALO techniques date back to 1960 when the U.S. Air Force was conducting experiments that followed earlier work by Colonel John Stapp in the late 1940s[1] through early 1950s on survivability factors for high-flying pilots needing to eject at high altitudes. In recent years, the HALO technique has been practiced by civilians as a form of skydiving. HAHO is used for delivering equipment, supplies, or personnel, while HALO is generally used only for personnel.
In a typical HALO/HAHO insertions, the troops are dispatched from altitudes between 25,000 feet (7,600 m) and 35,000 feet (11,000 m).
USASOC Military Free Fall Parachute Badge
HALO/HAHO
Military free-fall form of insertion.
Purpose
Delivering personnel, equipment, or supplies.
HALO
High-Altitude/Low-Opening
HAHO
High-Altitude/High-Opening
Origins
Attributed to USAF
Army Special Forces
SEAL Team SIX
and USAF Col Joe Kittinger.
_jump_at_McChord_AFB_981130.jpg)
Contents |
[edit] HALO
The origins of the HALO technique date back to 1960 when the U.S. Air Force was conducting experiments that followed earlier work by Colonel John Stapp in the late 1940s through early 1950s on survivability factors for high-flying pilots needing to eject at high altitudes.[1] Stapp, a research biophysicist and medical doctor, used himself as a human guinea pig in rocket sled tests to study the effects of very high g-forces. Stapp also solved many of the issues involved in high altitude flight in his earliest work for the Air Force, and subjected himself to exposure to altitudes of 45,000 feet (14,000 m). Subsequently, he helped develop pressure suits and ejection seats, which have been used in jets ever since. As part of the experiments, on August 16, 1960, Colonel Joe Kittinger performed the first high altitude jump at an altitude of 19.5 miles (31.4 km) above the Earth's surface. However, the technique was used for combat for the first time during the Vietnam War in Laos by members of MACV-SOG. SEAL Team SIX of the United States Navy expanded the HALO technique to include delivery of boats and other large items in conjunction with parachutists.
The technique is used to airdrop supplies, equipment, or personnel at high altitudes when aircraft can fly above surface-to-air missile (SAM) engagement levels through enemy skies without posing a threat to the transport or load.
For military cargo airdrops, the rigged load is pulled from the aircraft by a stabilizing parachute. The load then proceeds to free-fall to a low altitude where a cargo parachute opens to allow a low-velocity landing. Military personnel will later move to the landing point in order to secure the equipment or to unpack the supplies.
In a typical HALO exercise, the parachutist will jump from the aircraft, free-fall for a period of time at terminal velocity, and open his parachute at a low altitude. The combination of high speed downwards, and minimal metal and forward air-speed serves to defeat radar, enabling a stealthy insertion.
[edit] HAHO
The HAHO technique is used to airdrop personnel at high altitudes when aircraft are unable to fly above enemy skies without posing a threat to the jumpers. In addition, HAHO parachute jumps are employed in the covert insertion of military (generally special forces) personnel into enemy territory, in circumstances where the covert nature of an operation may be compromised by the loud noise of parachutes opening at low altitude.
In a typical HAHO exercise, the jumper will jump from the aircraft and deploy the parachute at a high altitude, 10–15 seconds after the jump (typically at 27,000 feet (8,200 m) or so). The jumper will use a compass or GPS device for guidance while flying for 30 or more miles. The jumper must use way points and terrain features to navigate to his desired landing zone, and correct his or her course to account for changes in wind speed and direction. If deploying as a team, the team will form up in a stack while airborne with their parachutes. Usually, the jumper in the lowest position will set the travel course and act as a guide for the other team members.
[edit] Health risks
This type of parachuting technique can be dangerous. At high altitudes of the Earth's atmosphere (greater than 22,000 feet [7 600 m]), the oxygen required for human respiration is scarce. Lack of oxygen can lead to hypoxia. Also, rapid ascent in the jump aircraft without all nitrogen flushed from the bloodstream can lead to Decompression Sickness (also known as Cassion's Disease or the Bends).
A typical HALO exercise will require a pre-breathing period (30-45 minutes) prior to jump where the jumper breathes 100% oxygen in order to flush nitrogen from his blood stream. Also, a HALO jumper will employ an oxygen bottle during the jump. Danger can come from medical conditions affecting the jumper. For example, cigarette smoking, alcohol and drug use (including histamine antagonists, sedatives, and analgesics), anemia, carbon monoxide, fatigue and anxiety can all lead to a jumper being more susceptible to hypoxia. In addition, problems with the oxygen bottle and during the changeover from the pre-breather to the oxygen bottle can result in the return of nitrogen to the jumper's bloodstream and, therefore, an increased likelihood of Decompression Sickness. Just one breath of regular air will bring the jumper's blood nitrogen levels close to normal[citation needed]. A jumper suffering from hypoxia may lose consciousness and therefore be unable to open his parachute. A jumper suffering from Decompression Sickness may die or become permanently disabled from nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream.
Another risk is from the low ambient temperatures prevalent at higher altitudes. The jumper may face subzero temperatures and can experience frostbite. However, HALO jumpers generally wear polypropylene knit undergarments and other warm clothing to prevent this.
As with all skydiving, participants run the risk of serious injury or death due to canopy malfunction, as well as the rapid deceleration inherent to landing with, or without, a functioning parachute.
[edit] Typical equipment
In a typical HALO exercise, a parachutist will jump with:
- an altimeter
- an automatic [parachute] activation device (AAD).
- a parachute
- a knife
- a helmet
- a pair of gloves
- a pair of military free-fall boots
- oxygen available on board the aircraft
- bailout oxygen
- a 50-100+ pound combat pack with fighting and sustenance gear
[edit] List of HALO/HAHO capable units
[edit] References in fiction
[edit] Literature
- In the novel Hell Island, Shane M. Schofield's Marine Recon team, a Delta Force team, a squad of SEALs and a force from the 82nd Airborne Division perform a HALO jump onto an aircraft carrier docked on 'Hell Island'.
- In the novel The Fist of God, Mike Martin and other soldiers perform a HALO jump over Iraq in order to find and mark the location of the weapon known as the Fist of God.
- In the novel Crisis Four, Nick Stone and other SAS troopers perform a HAHO jump over Syria in order to find and kidnap a person with ties to Osama bin Laden.
- In the novel Time to Hunt by Stephen Hunter, 50+ year old hero Bob Lee Swagger performs a HALO jump at night onto snow.
- In the novel The Reckoning by James Byron Huggins, the protagonist, Gage, has extensive experience with special operations military training. Gage uses this experience to perform a HALO jump to a remote location.
- In the science fiction novel The Shadow of Saganami by David Weber, a team from the Royal Manticoran Marine Corps perform a HALO jump onto a terrorist base.
[edit] Film and television
- In Air Force One (1997), the opening scene features a special operations unit performing a HAHO jump.
- In The Wild Geese (1978), 50 mercenaries perform a HALO jump from a C-130 Hercules.
- In the last episode of the fourth season of Alias, Sidney Bristow and her comrades-in-arms HALO jump.
- In the first season of JAG (1995), Harm performs a HALO jump along with SEAL TEAM 2.
- James Bond performs HALO jumps in the films The Living Daylights (with 002 and 004), Tomorrow Never Dies, and Die Another Day.
- In Navy SEALs (1990), Michael Biehn and his Navy SEAL Team HALO jump and then swim into a coastal town.
- In the film Reign of Fire (2002), the Archangels are HALO jumpers who risk their lives as bait for the dragons.
- In Tears of the Sun (2003), Bruce Willis and his team of Navy SEALs HALO near the Mazon Rainforest. The film showcases about 30 seconds of the HALO process. During filming of the HALO jump, one of the stuntmen drowned after landing offshore and failing to escape his parachute.[citation needed]
- Two episodes of the television series The Unit feature high-altitude parachute jumps. Members of the unit HAHO jump in "First Responders" and HAHO jump "Freefall".
- In an episode of The West Wing, a Navy SEAL dies of hypoxia after completing a HALO jump.
- In the French film Taxi 2, a taxi is dropped in a HAHO operation over Paris.
- In the direct-to-video film Behind Enemy Lines II: Axis of Evil, three Navy SEALs mistakenly HALO jump into North Korea.
[edit] Video games
- In the video game Crysis the protagonist, Jake Dunn, and his team perform a HALO jump onto an island that a meteor has crashed into.
- In the video game Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, set in 1964, the protagonist Naked Snake performs the world's first HALO jump. Solid Snake uses the same technique in Metal Gear: Ghost Babel.
- Sam Fisher performs HALO jumps in Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell, Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory, and an interactive real-time HALO jump in Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent.
- Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter for the PC also features an interactive HALO jump in the first mission.
- In the PlayStation 2 video game Spy Fiction, the first level begins with a HALO jump.
- Multiple insertions in SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs are portrayed as HALO drops.
- The second mission in James Bond 007: Nightfire begins with a video of the titular character HALO jumping out of a C-141 Starlifter onto the top of a castle.
- In the video game Battlefield 2142 the player may earn a "HALO Ribbon" award for a parachute jump that lasts longer than 10 seconds. However, the conditions needed to achieve this ribbon more closely resemble a HAHO jump. Real HALO jumping is also useful.
- In the Eidos PC game Just Cause, the player can perform real time controllable HALO jumps.
- In the game Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, before the mission Ultimatum begins, the player and his team perform a HALO jump into Russian territory that causes Ssgt. Griggs to get separated from the squad.
- In the game Shadow Ops: Red Mercury the level "Man Overboard" starts with a HALO drop
- In the Playstation 3 game Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction, Ratchet, along with robots Cronk and Zephyr perform multiple HALO jumps while avoiding missiles or other obstacles during the free fall.
- In the game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas CJ and several triad gang members perform a HALO jump while infiltrating an enemy gang headquarters.
- In the game Medal of Honor: Airborne the player starts the game off with a static line jump which later determines the outcome of the mission.
- In the game Beatmania IIDX 15: DJ Troopers, there is a song by Dr. Honda called "高高度降下低高度開傘" (pronounced "Koukoudo Kouka Teikoudo Kaisan"), which is the Japanese translation for HALO jump.
- In the game ArmA 2, players are able to execute HALO jumps.
- In the game Nemesis Strike, there are a lot of stages of HALO jumps performed by Stealth Owl character.
- In the game F.E.A.R. Perseus Mandate, the three main characters HALO jump from a U.S. Air Force C-130
[edit] Comic books
- In the comic book The Punisher, Castle performed a HALO jump into Siberia during the "Mother Russia" story arc of the Marvel MAX series.
- The HALO jumper for the G.I. Joe team is named Ripcord.
[edit] Further reading
- Fundamentals of Airborne Operations (Edition B ed.). United States Army Infantry School. 1995-11-01. https://hosta.atsc.eustis.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/accp/in0758/in0758_top.htm.
- Billy Waugh
[edit] External links
- GlobalSecurity.org Information about the Military Free Fall School at John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center
- Photo of Billy Waugh's Combat HALO Badge, etc.
[edit] References
- ^ a b Spark, Nick T. "The Story of John Paul Stapp". The Ejection Site. http://www.ejectionsite.com/stapp.htm. Retrieved on 2008-11-19.
- Divine, Mark (2004). Navy SEALs Air Operations - Free Fall: HALO/HAHO (used with permission). US Navy SEAL 1989 to present. Founder of NavySEALs.com.
- Gempis, Val (July 1997). A Bad Altitude. Airman. US Air Force. United States of America.
- Black, Mike. HALO jump over Yuma Proving Ground, AZ. US Marine Corps. United States of America.
- US DOD (June 5, 2003). US DOD Dictionary of Military Terms. US Department of Defense. United States of America.
- US DOD (June 5, 2003). US DOD Dictionary of Military Terms: Joint Acronyms and Abbreviations. US Department of Defense. United States of America.
- McKenna, Pat (July 1997). A Bad Altitude. Airman. US Air Force. United States of America.
- US Army Infantry School (November 1, 1995). Lesson 3: Airlift Requests and Personnel Used in Airborne. Fundamentals of Airborne Operations, Edition B. US Army Infantry School. US Army. United States of America.
- McManners, Hugh (2003), Ultimate Special Forces, pub Dorling Kindersley http://doi.contentdirections.com/mr/dk.jsp?doi=10.1221/0789499738
- http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1986/nov-dec/boyd.html
