From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticut's government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut Legislature and to convene the legislature.[1] Unusual among U.S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon.[2]
The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a four-year term for the governor,[3] commencing on the Wednesday after the first Monday in the January following an election.[4] The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a one-year term for governor; this was increased to two years in 1875,[5] and four years in 1948.[6] The 1875 amendment also set the start date of the term to its current date; before then, it was the first Wednesday in the May following an election.[7] The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the same term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the same ticket; this provision was added in 1962.[8] In the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the lieutenant governor becomes governor.[9] Before the adoption of the 1965 constitution, the lieutenant governor only acted as governor.[10]
Connecticut did not create a state constitution for itself until several decades after it became a state; until 1818, the state operated under the provisions of its colonial charter. The charter called for the election of a governor every year, but not more than once every two years, with the term commencing on the second Thursday in May.[11]
There have been 67 governors of the state, serving 71 distinct spans in office. The longest terms in office were in the state's early years, when three governors were elected to ten or more one-year terms. The longest was that of the first governor, Jonathan Trumbull, who served 14+1⁄2 years, but 7 of those as colonial governor; the longest-serving state governor—with no other position included in the term—was his son, Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., who served over 11+1⁄2 years. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served only one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U.S. Senate. The current governor is M. Jodi Rell, who took office on July 1, 2004, upon the resignation of John G. Rowland; her term will expire in January 2011.
[edit] Governors
Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9, 1788.[12] Before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas, but did not cede all of its claims during the formation of the country like the other states. It maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory.[13]
- For the period before Connecticut became a state, see the List of colonial governors of Connecticut.
No party Federalist Democratic-Republican National Republican Democratic Whig American Republican A Connecticut Party
| # |
Governor |
Term start |
Term end |
Party |
Lt. Governor[N 1] |
Terms[N 2] |
| 16[N 3] |
|
Jonathan Trumbull |
October 1, 1769 |
May 13, 1784 |
No party |
|
Matthew Griswold |
14½[N 4][N 5] |
| 17 |
|
Matthew Griswold |
May 13, 1784 |
May 11, 1786 |
Federalist |
|
Samuel Huntington |
2 |
| 18 |
|
Samuel Huntington |
May 11, 1786 |
January 5, 1796 |
Federalist |
|
Oliver Wolcott |
9½[N 6] |
| 19 |
|
Oliver Wolcott |
January 5, 1796 |
December 1, 1797 |
Federalist |
|
Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. |
½+½[N 7][N 6] |
| 20 |
|
Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. |
December 1, 1797 |
August 7, 1809 |
Federalist |
|
John Treadwell |
10½+½[N 7][N 6] |
| 21 |
|
John Treadwell |
August 7, 1809 |
May 9, 1811 |
Federalist |
|
Roger Griswold[N 8] |
1½[N 7] |
| 22 |
|
Roger Griswold |
May 9, 1811 |
October 25, 1812 |
Federalist |
|
John Cotton Smith |
½[N 6] |
| 23 |
|
John Cotton Smith |
October 25, 1812 |
May 8, 1817 |
Federalist |
|
Chauncey Goodrich[N 6] |
4½[N 7] |
| 24 |
|
Oliver Wolcott, Jr. |
May 8, 1817 |
May 2, 1827 |
Toleration Republican |
|
Jonathan Ingersoll[N 6] |
10[N 9] |
|
David Plant |
| 25 |
|
Gideon Tomlinson |
May 2, 1827 |
March 2, 1831 |
Democratic-Republican |
|
John Samuel Peters |
3½[N 10] |
| 26 |
|
John Samuel Peters |
March 2, 1831 |
May 1, 1833 |
National Republican |
|
Thaddeus Betts |
2½[N 7] |
| 27 |
|
Henry W. Edwards |
May 1, 1833 |
May 7, 1834 |
Democratic |
|
Ebenezer Stoddard |
1 |
| 28 |
|
Samuel A. Foot |
May 7, 1834 |
May 6, 1835 |
Whig |
|
Thaddeus Betts |
1 |
| 29 |
|
Henry W. Edwards |
May 6, 1835 |
May 2, 1838 |
Democratic |
|
Ebenezer Stoddard |
3 |
| 30 |
|
William W. Ellsworth |
May 2, 1838 |
May 4, 1842 |
Whig |
|
Charles Hawley |
4 |
| 31 |
|
Chauncey Fitch Cleveland |
May 4, 1842 |
May 1, 1844 |
Democratic |
|
William S. Holabird |
2 |
| 32 |
|
Roger Sherman Baldwin |
May 1, 1844 |
May 6, 1846 |
Whig |
|
Reuben Booth |
2 |
| 33 |
|
Isaac Toucey |
May 6, 1846 |
May 5, 1847 |
Democratic |
|
Noyes Billings |
1[N 11] |
| 34 |
|
Clark Bissell |
May 5, 1847 |
May 2, 1849 |
Whig |
|
Charles J. McCurdy |
2 |
| 35 |
|
Joseph Trumbull |
May 2, 1849 |
May 4, 1850 |
Whig |
|
Thomas Backus |
1 |
| 36 |
|
Thomas H. Seymour |
May 4, 1850 |
October 13, 1853 |
Democratic |
|
Charles H. Pond |
3½[N 12] |
|
Green Kendrick |
|
Charles H. Pond |
| 37 |
|
Charles H. Pond |
October 13, 1853 |
May 3, 1854 |
Democratic |
|
vacant |
½[N 13] |
| 38 |
|
Henry Dutton |
May 3, 1854 |
May 2, 1855 |
Whig |
|
Alexander H. Holley |
1 |
| 39 |
|
William T. Minor |
May 2, 1855 |
May 6, 1857 |
American |
|
William Field |
2 |
|
Albert Day |
| 40 |
|
Alexander H. Holley |
May 6, 1857 |
May 5, 1858 |
Republican |
|
Alfred A. Burnham |
1 |
| 41 |
|
William A. Buckingham |
May 5, 1858 |
May 2, 1866 |
Republican |
|
Julius Catlin |
8 |
|
Benjamin Douglas |
|
Roger Averill |
| 42 |
|
Joseph R. Hawley |
May 2, 1866 |
May 1, 1867 |
Republican |
|
Oliver Winchester |
1 |
| 43 |
|
James E. English |
May 1, 1867 |
May 5, 1869 |
Democratic |
|
Ephraim H. Hyde |
2 |
| 44 |
|
Marshall Jewell |
May 5, 1869 |
May 4, 1870 |
Republican |
|
Francis Wayland |
1 |
| 45 |
|
James E. English |
May 4, 1870 |
May 16, 1871 |
Democratic |
|
Julius Hotchkiss |
1 |
| 46 |
|
Marshall Jewell |
May 16, 1871 |
May 7, 1873 |
Republican |
|
Morris Tyler |
2[N 14] |
| 47 |
|
Charles R. Ingersoll |
May 7, 1873 |
January 3, 1877 |
Democratic |
|
George G. Sill |
3[N 15] |
| 48 |
|
Richard D. Hubbard |
January 3, 1877 |
January 9, 1879 |
Democratic |
|
Francis Loomis |
1[N 16] |
| 49 |
|
Charles B. Andrews |
January 9, 1879 |
January 5, 1881 |
Republican |
|
David Gallup |
1 |
| 50 |
|
Hobart B. Bigelow |
January 5, 1881 |
January 3, 1883 |
Republican |
|
William H. Bulkeley |
1 |
| 51 |
|
Thomas M. Waller |
January 3, 1883 |
January 8, 1885 |
Democratic |
|
George G. Sumner |
1 |
| 52 |
|
Henry B. Harrison |
January 8, 1885 |
January 7, 1887 |
Republican |
|
Lorrin A. Cooke |
1 |
| 53 |
|
Phineas C. Lounsbury |
January 7, 1887 |
January 10, 1889 |
Republican |
|
James L. Howard |
1 |
| 54 |
|
Morgan G. Bulkeley |
January 10, 1889 |
January 4, 1893 |
Republican |
|
Samuel E. Merwin |
2[N 17] |
| 55 |
|
Luzon B. Morris |
January 4, 1893 |
January 9, 1895 |
Democratic |
|
Ernest Cady |
1 |
| 56 |
|
Owen Vincent Coffin |
January 9, 1895 |
January 6, 1897 |
Republican |
|
Lorrin A. Cooke |
1 |
| 57 |
|
Lorrin A. Cooke |
January 6, 1897 |
January 4, 1899 |
Republican |
|
James D. Dewell |
1 |
| 58 |
|
George E. Lounsbury |
January 4, 1899 |
January 9, 1901 |
Republican |
|
Lyman A. Mills |
1 |
| 59 |
|
George P. McLean |
January 9, 1901 |
January 7, 1903 |
Republican |
|
Edwin O. Keeler |
1 |
| 60 |
|
Abiram Chamberlain |
January 7, 1903 |
January 4, 1905 |
Republican |
|
Henry Roberts |
1 |
| 61 |
|
Henry Roberts |
January 4, 1905 |
January 9, 1907 |
Republican |
|
Rollin S. Woodruff |
1 |
| 62 |
|
Rollin S. Woodruff |
January 9, 1907 |
January 6, 1909 |
Republican |
|
Everett J. Lake |
1 |
| 63 |
|
George L. Lilley |
January 6, 1909 |
April 21, 1909 |
Republican |
|
Frank B. Weeks |
½[N 6] |
| 64 |
|
Frank B. Weeks |
April 21, 1909 |
January 4, 1911 |
Republican |
|
vacant |
½[N 13] |
| 65 |
|
Simeon E. Baldwin |
January 4, 1911 |
January 6, 1915 |
Democratic |
|
Dennis A. Blakeslee |
2 |
|
Lyman T. Tingier |
| 66 |
|
Marcus H. Holcomb |
January 6, 1915 |
January 5, 1921 |
Republican |
|
Clifford B. Wilson |
3 |
| 67 |
|
Everett J. Lake |
January 5, 1921 |
January 3, 1923 |
Republican |
|
Charles A. Templeton |
1 |
| 68 |
|
Charles A. Templeton |
January 3, 1923 |
January 7, 1925 |
Republican |
|
Hiram Bingham III |
1 |
| 69 |
|
Hiram Bingham III |
January 7, 1925 |
January 8, 1925 |
Republican |
|
John H. Trumbull |
½[N 10] |
| 70 |
|
John H. Trumbull |
January 8, 1925 |
January 7, 1931 |
Republican |
|
J. Edwin Brainard[N 18] |
2½[N 7] |
|
Ernest E. Rogers |
| 71 |
|
Wilbur Lucius Cross |
January 7, 1931 |
January 4, 1939 |
Democratic |
|
Samuel R. Spencer |
4 |
|
Roy C. Wilcox |
|
T. Frank Hayes |
| 72 |
|
Raymond E. Baldwin |
January 4, 1939 |
January 8, 1941 |
Republican |
|
James L. McConaughy |
1 |
| 73 |
|
Robert A. Hurley |
January 8, 1941 |
January 6, 1943 |
Democratic |
|
Odell Shepard |
1 |
| 74 |
|
Raymond E. Baldwin |
January 6, 1943 |
December 27, 1946 |
Republican |
|
William L. Hadden |
1½[N 10] |
|
Charles W. Snow |
| 75 |
|
Charles W. Snow |
December 27, 1946 |
January 8, 1947 |
Democratic |
|
vacant |
½[N 13] |
| 76 |
|
James L. McConaughy |
January 8, 1947 |
March 7, 1948 |
Republican |
|
James C. Shannon |
½[N 6] |
| 77 |
|
James C. Shannon |
March 7, 1948 |
January 5, 1949 |
Republican |
|
Robert E. Parsons[N 18] |
½[N 13] |
| 78 |
|
Chester Bowles |
January 5, 1949 |
January 3, 1951 |
Democratic |
|
William T. Carroll |
1 |
| 79 |
|
John Davis Lodge |
January 3, 1951 |
January 5, 1955 |
Republican |
|
Edward N. Allen |
1[N 19] |
| 80 |
|
Abraham A. Ribicoff |
January 5, 1955 |
January 21, 1961 |
Democratic |
|
Charles W. Jewett |
1½[N 20] |
|
John N. Dempsey |
| 81 |
|
John N. Dempsey |
January 21, 1961 |
January 6, 1971 |
Democratic |
|
Anthony J. Armentano[N 18] |
2½[N 7] |
|
Samuel J. Tedesco[N 21] |
|
Fred J. Doocy[N 22] |
|
Attilio R. Frassinelli |
| 82 |
|
Thomas J. Meskill |
January 6, 1971 |
January 8, 1975 |
Republican |
|
T. Clark Hull[N 21] |
1 |
|
Peter L. Cashman[N 22] |
| 83 |
|
Ella T. Grasso |
January 8, 1975 |
December 31, 1980 |
Democratic |
|
Robert K. Killian |
1½[N 23] |
|
William A. O'Neill |
| 84 |
|
William A. O'Neill |
December 31, 1980 |
January 9, 1991 |
Democratic |
|
Joseph J. Fauliso[N 22] |
2½[N 24] |
| 85 |
|
Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. |
January 9, 1991 |
January 4, 1995 |
A Connecticut Party |
|
Eunice Groark |
1 |
| 86 |
|
John G. Rowland |
January 4, 1995 |
July 1, 2004 |
Republican |
|
M. Jodi Rell |
2½[N 25] |
| 87 |
|
M. Jodi Rell |
July 1, 2004 |
Incumbent |
Republican |
|
Kevin Sullivan[N 22] |
1½[N 24][N 26] |
|
Michael Fedele |
[edit] Other high offices held
This is a table of congressional and other federal offices held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Connecticut.
- * Denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take.
- † Denotes those offices that the governor resigned to be governor.
| Governor |
Gubernatorial term |
U.S. House |
U.S. Senate |
Other offices held |
Sources |
| Huntington, SamuelSamuel Huntington |
1786–1796 |
— |
— |
Continental Delegate (including President of the Continental Congress) |
[22] |
| Wolcott, OliverOliver Wolcott |
1796–1797 |
— |
— |
Continental Delegate |
[23] |
| Trumbull, Jr., JonathanJonathan Trumbull, Jr. |
1797–1809 |
H |
S |
Speaker of the House |
[24] |
| Treadwell, JohnJohn Treadwell |
1809–1811 |
— |
— |
Continental Delegate |
[25] |
| Griswold, RogerRoger Griswold |
1811–1812 |
H |
— |
|
[26] |
| Smith, John CottonJohn Cotton Smith |
1812–1817 |
H |
— |
|
[27] |
| Wolcott, Jr., OliverOliver Wolcott, Jr. |
1817–1827 |
— |
— |
U.S. Secretary of the Treasury |
[28] |
| Tomlinson, GideonGideon Tomlinson |
1827–1831 |
H |
S* |
|
[29] |
| Edwards, Henry W.Henry W. Edwards |
1833–1834, 1835–1838 |
H |
S |
|
[30] |
| Foot, Samuel A.Samuel A. Foot |
1834–1835 |
H† |
S |
|
|
| Ellsworth, William W.William W. Ellsworth |
1838–1842 |
H |
— |
|
[32] |
| Cleveland, Chauncey FitchChauncey Fitch Cleveland |
1842–1843 |
H |
— |
|
[33] |
| Baldwin, Roger ShermanRoger Sherman Baldwin |
1844–1846 |
— |
S |
|
[34] |
| Toucey, IsaacIsaac Toucey |
1846–1847 |
H |
S |
U.S. Attorney General, U.S. Secretary of the Navy |
[17] |
| Trumbull, JosephJoseph Trumbull |
1849–1850 |
H |
— |
|
[35] |
| Seymour, Thomas HartThomas Hart Seymour |
1850–1853 |
H |
— |
Minister to Russia* |
[36] |
| Buckingham, William A.William A. Buckingham |
1858–1866 |
— |
S |
|
[37] |
| Hawley, Joseph R.Joseph R. Hawley |
1866–1867 |
H |
S |
|
[38] |
| English, James E.James E. English |
1867–1869, 1870–1871 |
H |
S |
|
[39] |
| Jewell, MarshallMarshall Jewell |
1869–1870, 1871–1873 |
— |
— |
Minister to Russia, U.S. Postmaster General |
[40] |
| Hubbard, Richard D.Richard D. Hubbard |
1878–1879 |
H |
— |
|
[41] |
| Bulkeley, Morgan G.Morgan G. Bulkeley |
1889–1893 |
— |
S |
|
[42] |
| McLean, George P.George P. McLean |
1901–1903 |
— |
S |
|
[43] |
| Lilley, George L.George L. Lilley |
1909 |
H |
— |
|
[44] |
| Bingham III, HiramHiram Bingham III |
1925 |
— |
S |
|
[45] |
| Baldwin, Raymond E.Raymond E. Baldwin |
1939–1941, 1943–1946 |
— |
S* |
|
[46] |
| Bowles, ChesterChester Bowles |
1949–1951 |
H |
— |
Ambassador to India, Ambassador to Nepal |
[47] |
| Lodge, John DavisJohn Davis Lodge |
1951–1955 |
H |
— |
Ambassador to Argentina, Ambassador to Spain, Ambassador to Switzerland |
[48] |
| Ribicoff, Abraham A.Abraham A. Ribicoff |
1955–1961 |
H |
S |
U.S. Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare* |
[49] |
| Meskill, Thomas J.Thomas J. Meskill |
1971–1975 |
H |
— |
Second Circuit Court Judge |
[50] |
| Grasso, Ella T.Ella T. Grasso |
1975–1980 |
H |
— |
|
[51] |
| Weicker, Jr., Lowell P.Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. |
1991–1995 |
H |
S |
|
[52] |
| Rowland, John G.John G. Rowland |
1995–2004 |
H |
— |
|
[53] |
[edit] Living former governors
As of June 2009[update], two former governors were alive. The most recent governor to die was William O'Neill (1980–1991), who died on November 24, 2007.
- ^ The office of Lieutenant Governor was known as Deputy-Governor under the colonial charter, but the name 'Lieutenant Governor' was predominantly used after independence.[11]
- ^ The fractional terms of some governors are not to be understood absolutely literally; rather, they are meant to show how many times a governor was elected, and to show single terms during which multiple governors served, due to resignations, deaths and the like.
- ^ According to the Connecticut State Library, the official listing goes back to the first governor of Connecticut Colony in 1639, and did not include repeat governors serving non-consecutive terms in the colonial period; this makes Trumbull the 16th governor.[14]
- ^ The Connecticut General Assembly approved the United States Declaration of Independence on October 10, 1776, and resolved that the state's government would continue as established under the charter. So, as colonial governor, Jonathan Trumbull became state governor, serving roughly 7½ years.[15]
- ^ As deputy governor, became governor upon the death of William Pitkin
- ^ a b c d e f g h Died in office
- ^ a b c d e f g As lieutenant governor, acted as governor for unexpired term, and was subsequently elected in their own right
- ^ Appointed by the general assembly to fill the vacant Lieutenant Governor office.[16]
- ^ Wolcott was the first governor elected under the provisions of the 1818 constitution, which shifted the start date of his third term from May 13 to May 5.
- ^ a b c Resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate
- ^ Lost election, but was appointed by state legislature[17]
- ^ Resigned to be Minister to Russia
- ^ a b c d As lieutenant governor, acted as governor for unexpired term
- ^ James English won the popular vote, but a canvassing committee found the election was fraudulent, and named Jewell governor several days into the term..[18]
- ^ The end date of Ingersoll's term was moved back from May 3, 1876, to January 3, 1877, due to the adoption of the 26th amendment to the state constitution.
- ^ Hubbard was the first governor elected under the provisions of the 26th amendment to the state constitution, increasing term lengths to two years and moving the start date of his term to January 3.
- ^ Morgan Bulkeley did not run for re-election in 1890, but due to such a close contest and controversies, the results were not certified, and the legislature spent two years debating the issue; Bulkeley essentially served as governor by default.[19]
- ^ a b c As president pro tempore of the state senate, filled vacancy in office of lieutenant governor.[16]
- ^ John Davis Lodge was the first governor elected under the provisions of the 45th amendment to the state constitution, lengthening terms to four years.
- ^ Resigned to become United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
- ^ a b Resigned to become a superior court judge.[16]
- ^ a b c d As president pro tempore of the state senate, became lieutenant governor.[16]
- ^ Resigned due to ovarian cancer
- ^ a b As lieutenant governor, filled unexpired term, and was subsequently elected in their own right.
- ^ Resigned due to a federal corruption investigation;[20] he later pleaded guilty to corruption.[21]
- ^ Governor Rell's second term expires on January 5, 2011
[edit] References
- General
- Constitutions
- Specific
- ^ CT Const. art. IV
- ^ "Pardons Power in Connecticut". http://www.cga.ct.gov/2001/rpt/olr/htm/2001-r-0498.htm. Retrieved on February 21, 2009.
- ^ CT Const. art. IV, § 1
- ^ CT Const. art. IV, § 2
- ^ 1818 Const. amendment XVI
- ^ 1818 Const. amendment XLV
- ^ 1818 Const. art. IV § 1
- ^ 1818 Const. new amendment VII
- ^ CT Const. art. IV § 19
- ^ 1818 Const. art. IV § 14
- ^ a b 1662 Charter
- ^ "Today in History: January 9". Library of Congress. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan09.html. Retrieved on February 21, 2009.
- ^ "Research Guide to Connecticut's "Western Lands" or "Western Reserve"". Connecticut State Library. http://www.cslib.org/westernreserve.htm. Retrieved on February 21, 2009.
- ^ "Roster of Connecticut Governors". Connecticut State Library. http://www.cslib.org/gov/. Retrieved on April 4, 2008.
- ^ "Jonathan Trumbull". Connecticut State Library. http://www.cslib.org/gov/trumbullj.htm. Retrieved on 2009-03-10.
- ^ a b c d "Brief Descriptions of Connecticut State Agencies: Lieutenant Governor". Connecticut State Library. http://www.cslib.org/agencies/lieutenantgovernor.htm. Retrieved on 2009-03-10.
- ^ a b "Toucey, Issac". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000319. Retrieved on February 22, 2009.
- ^ "Connecticut Governor James Edward English". National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=b1ba224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved on February 24, 2009.
- ^ "Connecticut Governor Morgan Gardner Bulkeley". National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=44ca224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved on February 24, 2009.
- ^ William Yardley; Stacey Stowe; Avi Salzman and Alison Leigh Cowan (June 22, 2004). "Connecticut's Governor Steps Down". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEED91339F931A15755C0A9629C8B63.
- ^ Robert D. McFadden (December 24, 2004). "An Ex-Governor Says He's Guilty". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/24/nyregion/24rowland.html.
- ^ "Huntington, Samuel". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000998. Retrieved on February 22, 2009.
- ^ "Wolcott, Oliver". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000670. Retrieved on February 22, 2009.
- ^ "Trumbull, Jonathan, Jr.". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000389. Retrieved on February 22, 2009.
- ^ "Treadwell, John". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000359. Retrieved on February 22, 2009.
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