Andrés Bonifacio

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Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro
A photo engraving of Andrés Bonifacio
Born	November 30, 1863(1863-11-30) Tondo, Manila, Philippines
Died	May 10, 1897 (aged 33) Maragondon, Cavite, Philippines
Cause of death	Execution
Nationality	Filipino
Other names	Maypagasa
Known for	Philippine Revolution
Political party	La Liga Filipina Katipunan
Spouse(s)	Gregoria de Jesus

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (November 30, 1863 – May 10, 1897) was a Filipino revolutionary leader and one of the main leaders of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule in the late 19th century. He is regarded as the "Father of the Philippine Revolution" and one of the most influential national heroes of his country. A Freemason, Bonifacio was the leading founder of the Katipunan organization which aimed to start an independence movement against Spain.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Katipunan 3 Philippine Revolution 4 Controversies 4.1 National hero 4.2 Presidency and treason charges 4.3 Trial and execution 5 In popular culture 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links

[edit] Early life

Bonifacio was born to a Kapampangan father, Christian Santiago Bonifacio, and a Tagalog Spanish Nigermestiza mother, Catalina de Castro of Zambales,^[1] in Tondo, Manila. He was the eldest of six children; he had three brothers and two sisters: Ciriaco, Procopio, Espiridiona, Troadio and Maxima. His father was a cabeza de barangay (a leading barangay official). His mother died of tuberculosis in 1881 and his father followed suit a year after.^[2] He was forced to drop out of secondary school and work to support his family. According to popular anecdote, he made and peddled canes and fans and acted in moro-moro plays.

He worked as a bodeguero (warehouseman/clerk/messenger) and sales agent for Fleming and Company, a British trading firm, then transferred to Fressell and Company, a German firm, both in Manila. He married twice - his first wife was a woman named Monica, who died of leprosy, and Gregoria de Jesus, daughter of a wealthy family in Binondo. They were married in Binondo church, despite her parents' objections.^[3] They had one son who died in infancy.

Bonifacio was known to have read books on the French Revolution, the lives of Presidents of the United States of America, the local penal and civil code, international law, Victor Hugo's Les Miserables, Eugène Sue's The Wandering Jew and local reformist Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

He was a Freemason, a member of the Taliba Lodge under the Grand Lodge Gran Oriente Español. In 1892 he joined Rizal's La Liga Filipina (Spanish "The Philippine League"), a society that called for reforms in Spanish rule. However, the Liga Filipina was disabled shortly after Rizal was arrested and deported to the town of Dapitan in Mindanao shortly after the group's only meeting. Together with other members, Bonifacio revived the Liga Filipina and was active at organizing local chapters.

[edit] Katipunan

However, Bonifacio and other like-minded people had already formed a society of their own in Manila, the day after Rizal's deportation was announced. This was the Katipunan, or in full, Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan n͠g mg̃a Anak n͠g Bayan^[4] (Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children of the Nation). The secret society aimed for independence from Spain through armed revolt.^[5][6]

The revived Liga Filipina eventually split due to the ideologies of the members. The upper class members, favoring reform, set up the Cuerpo de Compromisarios, which pledged continued moral and financial support to Filipino reformists in Spain. The more militant lower class members were subsumed into the Katipunan. The organization was also influenced by Freemasonry through its rituals and organization, and several leading members aside from Bonifacio were also Freemasons.

From Manila, the Katipunan expanded several provinces, including Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan and Bicol. Most of the Katipuneros came from the lower and middle classes. From the beginning, Bonifacio was one of the chief Katipunan officers, though he did not become its Supremo (supreme leader) until 1895.

The Katipunan had "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership".^[5] For each province it involved, the Katipunan Supreme Council (Kataas-taasang Kapulungan, of which Bonifacio was a member and eventually head) coordinated provincial councils (Sangguniang Bayan)^[6] which were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level"^[5] and local councils (Panguluhang Bayan)^[6], in charge of affairs "on the district or barrio level".^[5]

Bonifacio wrote several pieces for the society's publication, Kalayaan (Freedom), which had only one printed issue due to discovery. These pieces include the poem Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (roughly, "Love for the land of origin").^[7] He used the pseudonym Maypagasa (Hopeful) for official Katipunan documents. Later he used the pseudonym Agapito Bagumbayan for his Tagalog language translation of Rizal's poem Mi Ultimo Adios.

By 1896, on the eve of hostilities, the membership of the society had expanded dramatically. Estimates vary from 30,000 to 400,000.^[8]

[edit] Philippine Revolution

The existence of the Katipunan eventually became known to the authorities. In the last days of August, Bonifacio called Katipunan members to a mass gathering in Caloocan, where they decided to start their revolt^[5] (the event was later called the "Cry of Balintawak" or "Cry of Pugad Lawin"; the exact location and date are disputed). The day after, the Supreme Council of the Katipunan declared a nationwide armed revolution against Spain and called for a simultaneous coordinated attack on the capital Manila on August 29. Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel forces to Manila. Other Katipunan councils were also informed of their plans. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio reorganized the Katipunan into an open revolutionary government, with him as President and the Supreme Council as his cabinet.^[6][9]

However, Bonifacio failed to capture Manila. Based on intelligence reports, the Spanish authorities were able to mount defensive action. They concentrated their forces in the Manila area and pre-empted a mass defection of native troops to Bonifacio by transferring their regiment to Mindanao in the south (these later rebelled anyway). The rebels were further hampered by their lack of firearms as well as the absence of Katipunan forces from Cavite, whose leaders had earlier expressed reservations concerning their lack of arms and preparation. Bonifacio's attempt to capture a powder magazine at San Juan del Monte, part of his overall battle plan, was repulsed. Nevertheless, the revolt had spread to the surrounding provinces by August 30, and martial law was declared in Manila. Though driven back to Balara, Bonifacio was still considered a threat.^[6][10][11]

By December, the Spanish authorities in Manila recognized three major centers of rebellion: Cavite (under Emilio Aguinaldo and others), Bulacan (under Mariano Llanera) and Morong (modern-day Rizal, under Bonifacio). The Cavite revolutionaries won prestige in defeating Spanish troops in set piece battles while other rebels were engaged in guerrilla warfare. Bonifacio served as tactician for the rebel guerillas though his prestige suffered when he lost battles he personally led.^[6]

There were two rival Katipunan factions in Cavite - the Magdalo, led by Baldomero Aguinaldo, cousin to Emilio, and the Magdiwang, led by Mariano Álvarez, uncle of Bonifacio's wife. Leaders of both factions came from the elite upper class, in contrast to Bonifacio, who came from the lower middle class. After initial successes, Emilio Aguinaldo, speaking for the Magdalo ruling council, issued a manifesto proclaiming a provisional and revolutionary government - despite the existence of the Katipunan government. Emilio Aguinaldo in particular had won fame for victories in the province.^[12]

Due to animosities between the Magdalo and Magdiwang, Bonifacio was called to Cavite to mediate between them, and he brought his brothers Procopio and Ciriaco and his wife with him, along with some of his men. Perhaps due to his kinship ties with their leader, Bonifacio was seen as partial to the Magdiwang.^[13] In their memoirs, Emilio Aguinaldo and other Magdalo personages claim that Bonifacio became the head of the Magdiwang, receiving the title Hari ng Bayan (“King of the People”) with Álvarez as his second-in-command.^[14][15] However, no documentary sources have been found substantiating these claims.^[16] Instead it has been suggested that these claims stem from a misunderstanding or misrepresentation of Bonifacio’s title Pangulo ng Haring Bayan (“President of the Sovereign Nation”)^[16] or alternately, Pangulo ng Haring Bayang Katagalugan (President of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation).^[6] In his own memoirs, Santiago Álvarez (son of Mariano) distinguishes between the Magdiwang government and the Supreme Council of the Katipunan headed by Bonifacio.^[17]

Once in Cavite, tensions grew between Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo and other local figures. Bonifacio's order to arrest one of them for failing to support the initial Manila attack was rebuffed. Townspeople hailed Bonifacio as ruler and "king of the Tagalogs"; Bonifacio replied, "Long live Mother Country!"^[17] and "Long live the Sovereign Nation!"^[6] In a first major meeting in Imus, the issue of whether the Katipunan should be replaced by a revolutionary government was brought up, and this eclipsed the rivalry issue. Upon the event of restructuring, Bonifacio was given carte blanche to appoint a committee tasked with setting up a new government; he would also be in charge of this committee. He requested for the minutes of the meeting to establish this authority, but these were never provided. Subsequently, Edilberto Evangelista of the Magdalo presented a draft constitution to Bonifacio but this was rejected.^[6]

The rebel leaders held a convention in Tejeros on March 22, 1897 on the pretense of more discussion between the groups, but really to settle the issue of leadership of the movement. Bonifacio mantained the Katipunan government was republican amidst accusations of monarchism. He presided, though reluctantly, over the elections that followed. Before they started, he asked that the results be respected by everyone, and all agreed. The Caviteños voted their own Emilio Aguinaldo President in absentia, as he was in the battlefield at the time. Bonifacio received the second-highest number of votes for President. Though it was suggested that he be automatically be awarded the Vice Presidency, no one seconded the motion and elections continued. Bonifacio was eventually voted Director of the Interior. The Katipunan as a government was thus legally abolished and replaced by a Cavite-led government later called Republica Filipina (Republic of the Philippines). A later iteration of Aguinaldo's government was inaugurated in 1899 and is considered the first by that name.^{[6][18][19][20][21][22]}

Daniel Tirona of the Magdalo protested Bonifacio's election on the grounds that the post should not be occupied by a person without a lawyer's diploma and suggested a prominent Caviteño lawyer for the position. Bonifacio demanded a retraction. When this was ignored he drew his gun and would have shot Tirona if others had not intervened. Bonifacio then declared:

"I, as chairman of this assembly and as President of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, as all of you do not deny, declare this assembly dissolved, and I annul all that has been approved and resolved."^[21]

Bonifacio then set out to install a rival government several days later in Naik, drawing up documents of his own. As a countermeasure, the government under Aguinaldo ordered the arrest of Bonifacio. In the following skirmish, his camp was surrounded, Ciriaco, one of his brothers was killed and Bonifacio was wounded in the arm and in the neck, though eyewitness accounts on Bonifacio's side attest that he did not fight back himself. He and his other brother Procopio were captured, and his wife narrowly escaped rape. Weak and lying on a stretcher, he was brought to Naik, where he stood trial, accused of treason against the government and conspiring to murder Aguinaldo.^{[6][21][23][24]}

Bonifacio was found guilty and recommended to be executed along with his brother. Aguinaldo commuted the sentence to deportation on May 8, 1897, but two generals (Gen. Pio Del Pilar and Gen. Mariano Noriel - on Aguinaldo's retraction in 1940's) both former supporters of Bonifacio, upon learning of this, persuaded him to withdraw the order to preserve unity among the revolutionaries. Also includes Gen. Artemio Ricarte (another Bonifacio supporter) that advised Aguinaldo to go forward with the execution since they were rivals, a big mistake that made him another guilty culprit on giving the name of the executioner in his memoirs. The Bonifacio brothers were executed on May 10, 1897 in the mountains of Maragondon.^{[6][24][25][26][27][28]}

Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio's death contributed to Aguinaldo's subsequent military reverses, ultimately leading to the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, where a truce was made with the Spanish:

This tragedy smothered the enthusiasm for the revolutionary cause, and hastened the failure of the insurrection in Cavite, because many from Manila, Laguna and Batangas, who were fighting for the province (of Cavite), were demoralized and quit, and soon the so-called central government had to withdraw to the mountains of Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan.^[29]

[edit] Controversies

There is considerable controversy regarding the historical assessment of Bonifacio. It is disputed how his death should be viewed - a genuine execution for treason, or as a murder fueled by politics. Related to this is the debate whether the Supremo should be considered the first Philippine President instead of Aguinaldo, one of Bonifacio's Katipunan generals who would be responsible for his arrest and execution on May 10, 1897. Moreover, debates persist as to whether it is Bonifacio or Rizal who should be considered the Philippine national hero.

[edit] National hero

Officially today, Jose Rizal, not Bonifacio, is considered the national hero, and both figures actually have national holidays named after them: November 30 for Bonifacio Day, and December 30 for Rizal Day.^[30] However, Rizal is unofficially venerated and taught as the national hero, including in public and even private schools.

Renato Constantino contends that Rizal is an "American-sponsored hero" whom the U.S. administrators declared as the Filipino national hero during the colonial period. The nationalist historian points out that the Americans needed to sponsor a model hero who represents a repudiation of revolutionary movement in order to minimize the importance of the more radical Filipino heroes whose ideas could instill the continuation of resistance against American colonial rule.^[31] Rizal was selected over Andres Bonifacio who was "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was considered "unregenerate."^[32] However, Ambeth Ocampo points out Bonifacio, Aguinaldo and other rebels were themselves inspired by Rizal, and that it was Aguinaldo who first declared the anniversary of Rizal's death a national holiday.^[33]

[edit] Presidency and treason charges

Some historians have called Bonifacio's actions counter-revolutionary and the charge of treason justified, and his elimination even necessary to ensure unity in the revolutionary movement. However, Renato Constantino assesses that Bonifacio was not counter-revolutionary, as others charge, since he was dedicated to the cause; he was only a danger to the Cavite rebel authorities. Furthermore he had no record of compromise with the Spanish; in contrast, the Aguinaldo government entered into negotiations with the Spanish.^[34] Alejo Villanueva^[35] and Constantino also claim that the outcome of the Tejeros Convention was actually the result of calculated movements to wrest power from Bonifacio by the bourgeois or upper class represented by Aguinaldo. Both Villanueva and Constantino point out the Magdalo provincial council which started the drive for a government headed by their own was only one of many such councils in the pre-existing Katipunan government, and Aguinaldo's authority was not immediately recognized by all rebels.^[36][35]

Historians have also pushed for the recognition of Bonifacio as the "first president" of the Philippines based on his position of president and Supremo of the Katipunan revolutionary government, at least until the the early part of 1897.^[8] Some relevant material cited for this end comes from non-partisan, foreign accounts of the time. The first volume issue in 1897 of the "La Ilustracion Espanola y Americana" (February 8, 1897) described Bonifacio as the head of the insurgent government and listed his cabinet officials. The Spanish historian Jose M. del Castillo wrote about the national elections of the revolutionary government, showing Bonifacio as President and the same names listed in La Ilustracion as the winning cabinet officials^[37]. Moreover, the La Ilustracion carried an engraved portrait of Andres Bonifacio with the caption "Titulado "Presidente" de la Republica Tagala."^[38]

Part of this controversy was shown in the GMA Network documentary program Case Unclosed, in its 5th episode entitled Lihim ng 1897 (Tagalog of "Secret of 1897").

[edit] Trial and execution

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (March 2009)

Some historians^[who?] have condemned the trial of the Bonifacio brothers as unjust. Renato Constantino even calls it a mock trial with a foregone conclusion. The jury was entirely composed of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's defense lawyer himself declared Bonifacio's guilt; and Bonifacio was not allowed to confront the state witness for the charge of conspiracy on the grounds that the latter had been killed in battle, but later the witness was seen alive with the prosecutors.^[6][39]

The commanding officer of the execution party, Lazaro Macapagal, testified in two separate accounts that the Bonifacio brothers were shot. One account has Bonifacio attempting to escape after his brother is shot, but he is also killed while running away. Macapagal writes that they buried the brothers in graves dug with bayonets. However, another account related by Guillermo Masangkay, a general allied with Bonifacio, states that Bonifacio was stabbed and hacked to death lying prone in a hammock. Masangkay claimed to have gotten this information from one of the execution party. Historians generally favor Macapagal's version, though others have favored the latter due to Macapagal's contentions of Bonifacio being marched to the place of execution and later trying to run away, despite being severely weakened by his wounds as records of his trial show.^[40]

The place of the execution is variously given as Mt. Nagpatong, Mt. Buntis, or Mt. Tala.

[edit] In popular culture

Bonifacio's birthday on November 30 is celebrated as Bonifacio Day (Filipino: Araw ni Bonifacio) and is a public holiday in the Philippines.

There are many monuments to Bonifacio across the nation, the most famous being two sculptures, one by Napoleon Abueva and the other by Guillermo Tolentino, both National Artists.

In current Philippine currency, he is depicted in the 10-peso bill (currently out of production) and 10-peso coin, along with fellow patriot Apolinario Mabini.

Bonifacio was portrayed by Julio Diaz in Bayani (Hero), a feature film loosely based on his life by experimental director Raymond Red, and in an ABS-CBN educational television series also called Bayani.

Gardo Verzosa portrays Bonifacio in the 1998 film José Rizal.

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Agoncillo, Teodoro. The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan. University of the Philippines Press (1996). ISBN 9715420974, ISBN 9789715420976.
• Andres Bonifacio: 1863-1897. United States Library of Congress. Retrieved 2008, Dec. 8.
• Andres Bonifacio: "Titulado Presidente De La Republica Tagala". Retrieved 2008, Dec. 8.
• Constantino, Renato. The Philippines: A Past Revisited
• Theodore Friend, Between Two Empires: The Ordeal of the Philippines, 1929-1946 (New Haven and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1928). Yale University Press (1965).
• Guerrero, Milagros, Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/articles.php?artcl_Id=5, retrieved on 2008-03-21 
• Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa. Philippine Revolution Web Center Site. Retrieved 2008, Dec. 8.
• Ocampo, Ambeth. Bones of Contention: The Bonifacio Lectures. Anvil Publishing (2001). ISBN 971271151X, ISBN 9789712711510
• Villanueva, Alejo (1989). Bonifacio's Unfinished Revolution. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 
• Revolución filipina (1896-1898). Museo Oriental de Valladolid Site. Retrieved 2008, Dec. 8.
• Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Bookstore Printing Press. 

[edit] Further reading

• Cruz, Isagani A. (November 27 2005). "The Tragedy Of Andres Bonifacio". Philippine Daily Inquirer: 14. http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/84994.html. 
• Clair, Francis St. (1902). The Katipunan: Or, The Rise and Fall of the Filipino Commune. Francis St. Clair. http://books.google.com/books?vid=LCCN03016030&id=hNFEgCAB9rAC&dq=%22Andr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio%22+%22Katipunan%22. 
• Constantino, Renato. Veneration without Understanding. Third National Rizal Lecture, December 30, 1969. 13 January 2008. PinoyPress Site. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
• Guerrero, Milagros; Emmanuel Encarnacion, Ramon Villegas (16 June 2003). Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution. http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=13.  In Sulyap Kultura. National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 1996. NCCA Site.
• Quezon III, Manuel L. (November 21 2005). "The Supremo Lives". Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/84994.html#cutid2. 
• Lazaro, Roberto (November 29 2005). "Thinking Aloud Dead Ends Need Not Be Dead". Manila Times. http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/84994.html#cutid3. 
• Ramos, Marlon (December 9 2004). "Bonifacio: The Neglected Hero". Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/84994.html#cutid4. 
• Ocampo, Ambeth R. (December 1 2004). "Where Are the Bones of Bonifacio?". Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/84994.html#cutid5. 
• San Luis, Fr. Bel R. (November 29 2004). "Bonifacio & our changing notion of 'hero'". Opinion & Editorial Manila Bulletin. http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/84994.html#cutid6. 
• De Vera, Ellalyn B. (November 27 2004). "Andres Bonifacio: The Katipunan Supremo". Manila Bulletin. http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/84994.html#cutid8. 

[edit] External links

• Andres Bonifacio: the Betrayal of a Hero by Alixander Haban Escote
• The Records of the Court Martial of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio Full text and online collection of court documents in Spanish and old Tagalog with regards to the Andres and Procopio Bonifacio trial.
• The Courtmartial of Andres Bonifacio English translation of the historical court documents and testimonies in the trial and execution of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio processed by Filipiniana.net
• Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog Summary and full text of an article written by Andres Bonifacio in the Katipunan newspaper Kalayaan posted in Filipiniana.net
• Book Review Inventing a Hero by Glenn May
• Kartilyang Makabayan Short biography of Andres Bonifacio written by Hermenegildo Cruz.
• A site on the Supremo and the Katipunan
• Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution
• Interesting facts about Zambales, visitzambales.com, http://web.archive.org/web/20070703155058/www.visitzambales.com/newlayout/index.php?action=people&part=intfacts, retrieved on 2008-03-21  (archived from the original on 2007-07-01)

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v • d • e Philippine national holidays Regular holidays New Year's Day · Maundy Thursday · Good Friday · Araw ng Kagitingan · Labor Day · Araw ng Kalayaan · National Heroes' Day · Bonifacio Day · Christmas Day · Rizal Day Special days Ninoy Aquino Day · All Saints' Day · All Souls' Day · Christmas Eve · Last day of the Year

v • d • e   Philippine Revolution (1896–1898)   Events Prelude: Gomburza · Katagalugan (Bonifacio) · Tejeros Convention · Republic of Biak-na-Bato · Biak-na-Bato Elections · Pact of Biak-na-Bato · Spanish-American War · Declaration of Independence · Malolos Congress · República Filipina · Negros Revolution · Treaty of Paris · Philippine–American War · Katagalugan (Sacay) · Moro Rebellion · Epilogue: Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 · Philippine Independence Act · Commonwealth of the Philippines · Treaty of Manila · Republic of the Philippines Organizations American Anti-Imperialist League · Aglipayan Church · Katipunan · La Liga Filipina · La Solidaridad · Magdalo faction · Magdiwang faction  · Philippine Constabulary · Philippine Revolutionary Army · Pulajanes · Propaganda Movement Objects El filibusterismo · Flags of the Philippine Revolution · Kartilya ng Katipunan · Lupang Hinirang · Malolos Constitution · Mi último adiós · Noli Me Tangere · Flag of the Philippines · Spoliarium · The War Prayer  · The White Man's Burden People Gregorio Aglipay · Baldomero Aguinaldo · Emilio Aguinaldo · Melchora Aquino · Juan Araneta · Andrés Bonifacio · Josephine Bracken · Dios Buhawi · Ladislao Diwa · Gregoria de Jesús · Gregorio del Pilar · Marcelo H. del Pilar · George Dewey · Dominador Gomez · Papa Isio · Emilio Jacinto · León Kilat · Rudyard Kipling · Aniceto Lacson · Graciano López Jaena · Vicente Lukban · Antonio Luna · Juan Luna · Apolinario Mabini · Sultan of Maguindanao · Miguel Malvar · Arcadio Maxilom · William McKinley · Patricio Montojo · Simeón Ola · José Palma · Jose Ma. Panganiban · Mariano Ponce · Artemio Ricarte · José Rizal · Paciano Rizal · Macario Sakay · Sultan of Sulu · Manuel Tinio · Mariano Trías · Mark Twain · List of involved people